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“General Plan” in Real Estate Valuation for Selected Planning Purposes
The article presents considerations on the importance of the provisions of the municipality’s general plan referred to in the Act of March 27, 2023 on Spatial Planning and Development, as well as the importance of the provisions of the local general plan, referred to in the Act of July 12, 1984 on Spatial Planning when estimating real estate for the purposes of determining the amount of compensation and fees referred to in Art. 36 section 3 and 4 of the Act on Spatial Planning and Development. Due to the fact that the Act of 1984 refers to the general spatial development plan of settlement units (called the general plan), prepared and adopted on the basis of the Act of January 31, 1961 with the same name, the article also discusses this type of plan. Moreover, activities related to determining the value of real estate were indicated, including the above-mentioned planning purposes, and the understanding of concepts such as “real estate data” and “intended use in the local plan” were presented. Attention was also focused on the essence of the above-mentioned types of plans, as well as the differences between the general plan of the commune and the local general plan and general spatial development plan of settlement units.
Journal Article
Understanding GIS through sustainable development goals : case studies with QGIS
\"This book applies a pedagogical shift to learning GIS as readers employ the concepts and methodologies on real-world problems. This book provides 16 case studies with step-by-step instructions using QGIS, an open-source software. Readers develop GIS skills while learning the fundamentals of spatial data models, projections, and spatial databases, different cartographic methods, such as graduated symbology, change maps, and dynamic visualization, as well as advanced spatial analysis like geoprocessing, multiple criteria analysis, and spatial statistics. The topics chosen are taught in secondary and tertiary education institutions making this a textbook for all students and educators\"-- Provided by publisher.
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Analysis of greenery coverage of the area of the City ofWarsaw on the quality of life of residents on the basis of spatial and statistical data
Biologically active areas play an extremely important role in the structure of a city and increasing their coverage, especially in large urban centres, is an activity with a number of advantages. This article compares, in terms of green spaces, two European cities of similar size – Warsaw (517.2 km2) and Oslo (454 km2). Both cities are capitals of their respective countries but implement different spatial policies in the scope of the Green Deal. In Warsaw, many industrial and post-industrial areas still exist and simultaneously urban green areas are decreasing year by year. In Oslo, a strategy based on deindustrialisation of the city and possible maximum use of urban greenery and public spaces is implemented. The research described in this article involved analysing the coverage of the analysed cities and their districts with biologically active area and then checking the correlation with other indicators that can be affected by this coverage. These included data on the incidence of the most common diseases among residents, the attractiveness of living for the elderly and families with children, as well as air and soil pollution and the occurrence of negative effects of climate change. The correlation of urban space use in terms of the presence of industrial land in relation to currently existing green spaces in the districts concerned was subsequently determined.
Journal Article
Assessing the Efficiency of Regional Policy Tools
Implementing the Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation involves various regional policy measures and requires choosing the most appropriate tools. The issue gains importance in case of combining the search for additional sources of growth with an integrated system for assessing the efficiency of the existing measures. Admittedly, such system in the Russian Federation is still in its formation. Therefore, in order to implement public policy, it is crucial to critically analyse the most significant aspects of the methodology for assessing the efficiency. The concept of «efficiency», apart from efficiency itself, includes he performance, impact, and usability of the tool. The assessment of the efficiency varies in different countries, as it is not a single practice that can be applied regardless of geographical and historical context. The paper substantiates the idea that the assessment of the efficienc y includes th e examinatio n o f social , cultura l an d politica l elements . The assessment is a flexi ble management tool, not just an instrument demonstrating the reduction of regional differences. Drawing on the principles of spatial hierarchy, the paper suggests assessing the efficiency of regional policy tools at the macro-, meso- and micro-regional levels. The assessment focuses on solving four large classes of applied problems: provision of public goods, forms of the spatial organisation of the economy, implementation of regional and macro-regional programs, and the development of large projects. The characteristics of the assessment of the efficiency depend on the choice of either endogenous or exogenous growth theory. Additionally, the assessment of the efficiency of a variety of programs (multi-criteria evaluation) specifically differs from the assessment of individual programs of spatial development. It is advisable to consider the practice of assessment in a broader context, not just as a task of financial and management control. The research findings can be used for creating an integrated system that provides feedback, organises the consequences of regional policies and the effects of achieving national development goals.
Journal Article
The feasibility of offshore aquaculture and its potential for multi-use in the North Sea
Following the Blue Growth ambition of the European Commission, the interest in the potential of offshore is growing. This paper aimed to contribute to the discussion on the feasibility of offshore aquaculture development and its potential for multi-use with other maritime activities. A review of national and international projects forms the basis of the paper, where the Dutch North Sea is used as a case-study area. Analysis of technical, economic and ecological boundaries indicated that the potential of fish culture is limited, that seaweed cultivation is likely to gain potential when challenges related to processing will be overcome and that mussel culture has the highest potential in the near future. The North Sea is an area where many stakeholders claim space, which might set boundaries to the number of sites available for mussel culture. Competing claims are a potential source of conflict but may also lead to mutual benefits when smart combinations are sought, e.g. with wind parks, fisheries and nature conservation; especially, the possibility of combining mussel culture in or around wind parks is worthwhile to be further explored. A spatial distribution model adapted for the Dutch North Sea conditions demonstrated that offshore mussel production in wind farms can be profitable. Yet, the commercial interest for offshore development of mussel culture is still limited. Actions required to stimulate further development of the offshore mussel industry are presented for the government, the private sector, research institutes and civil society organizations.
Journal Article
Understanding Industrial Land Development on Rural-Urban Land Transformation of Jakarta Megacity’s Outer Suburb
After decentralization, there was massive development in Jakarta megacity’s outer suburbs (JMOS), especially in Bekasi and Tangerang regencies, marked by large-scale industrial estate/park (LSIEP) and followed by new town developments. However, this process led to the emergence of “chaotic” urban-rural land patterns. This study sought to identify the extent to which LSIEP development has affected rural-urban land transformation (RULT). The primary data were land use/cover (LUC) data from 2005, 2015, and 2020 and the LSIEP distributions. The methods applied are the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model for 2025’s LUC prediction and the RULT index approach, RULT index development using the analytical hierarchy process. These combined approaches were novel in Indonesia, which usually relies on Cellular Automata (CA)-Markov, overlay (spatial), and descriptive statistics analyses to describe the RULT phenomenon. It was found that the villages located around the LSIEP close to the Jakarta megacity toll road network and those adjacent to the municipality (city) had been transformed into urban areas, while villages far from those locations were still rural. This study’s results help clarify the rural to urban transformation in Jakarta megacity’s outer suburbs and could be used as input for spatial planning policy.
Journal Article
Das Ökosystemleistungskonzept in der räumlichen Planung: Zehn Thesen
Das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen kann helfen, Umsetzungsdefizite der räumlichen Planung zu bewältigen und den Schutz und die nachhaltige Nutzung von Natur und Landschaft zu fördern. Die vielfältigen Erkenntnisse zur Anwendung in Deutschland wurden bisher jedoch noch nicht systematisch zusammengebracht und ausgewertet. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt Thesen für einen Einsatz des Konzepts der Ökosystemleistungen in der räumlichen Planung und für eine nachhaltige Raumentwicklung vor. Die Thesen führen den Stand des Wissens zusammen und geben Empfehlungen für den Einsatz in der Praxis und für weitere Forschung. Sie sind in drei thematische Bereiche gegliedert: Thesen zum generellen Nutzen des Konzepts, zu Hemmnissen und Potenzialen des Einsatzes wie der Anbindung an Planungsinstrumente sowie Thesen zu Handlungsbedarfen in Forschung und Planung. Sie sollen Wissenschaft und Praxis motivieren, das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen in relevanten Planungskontexten einzusetzen, es für besseren Schutz und die nachhaltige Entwicklung von Natur und Landschaft zu nutzen und somit Transformationsprozesse zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung zu unterstützen.
The concept of ecosystem services can help to overcome implementation deficits in spatial planning and to promote the protection and sustainable use of nature and landscape. However, diverse findings on the concept's application in Germany have not yet been brought together and evaluated. The aim of this paper is to present theses on the meaningful and effective use of ecosystem services in spatial planning and the promotion of sustainable spatial development. The theses are intended to summarize the state of knowledge and provide recommendations for use in practice and for further research. They are divided into three thematic areas: Theses on the benefits of the ecosystem services concept, on obstacles and potentials of its use and theses on needs for action. The theses are intended to motivate practitioners and scientists to apply the ecosystem services concept in appropriate planning contexts, to use it for better protection and development of nature and landscape, and to support transformation processes towards sustainable development.
Journal Article
Die „fünfte Suburbanisierung“ – Perspektiven suburbaner Raumentwicklung in den 2020er-Jahren
Germany is currently experiencing a renewed rise of suburbanisation and an associated increase in urban expansion in the peripheries of large cities. How this development—referred to below as the “fifth suburbanisation” in the history of this country—can be characterized in the light of earlier phases of intraregional deconcentration is the topic of this paper. The four historical reference phases are not to be understood as clearly distinguishable and successive developments. Their conceptualization is less temporal than structural-material, socio-spatial, institutional, cultural, economic and political-discursive. The focus is on characteristics of built environments typical of each phase, specific social and economic drivers, dominant housing and planning policies, socio-cultural meanings and values as well as social embedding and negotiation processes. Suburban development of the 2020s will take place in a socio-economically and institutionally changed process field, even though there is still little empirical evidence in this regard. Accordingly, this paper also aims to call for a discussion on new research desiderata and realistic policy designs for suburban spatial development in the 2020s. A historical contextualization of the current development and planning processes is considered essential. Germany is currently experiencing a renewed rise of suburbanisation and an associated increase in urban expansion in the peripheries of large cities. How this development—referred to below as the “fifth suburbanisation” in the history of this country—can be characterized in the light of earlier phases of intraregional deconcentration is the topic of this paper. The four historical reference phases are not to be understood as clearly distinguishable and successive developments. Their conceptualization is less temporal than structural-material, socio-spatial, institutional, cultural, economic and political-discursive. The focus is on characteristics of built environments typical of each phase, specific social and economic drivers, dominant housing and planning policies, socio-cultural meanings and values as well as social embedding and negotiation processes. Suburban development of the 2020s will take place in a socio-economically and institutionally changed process field, even though there is still little empirical evidence in this regard. Accordingly, this paper also aims to call for a discussion on new research desiderata and realistic policy designs for suburban spatial development in the 2020s. A historical contextualization of the current development and planning processes is considered essential.
Journal Article
Ansätze zur Integration von Ökosystemleistungen in die formelle räumliche Planung
Durch den globalen Wandel und Änderungen der Raum- und Flächennutzung werden Ökosysteme und ihre Leistungen zunehmend beeinträchtigt. Vor diesem Hintergrund steht in Frage, wie die Leistungsfähigkeit der Ökosysteme sowie alle Leistungen, die diese bereitstellen, ausreichend in der Steuerung der Raum- und Flächenentwicklung in Deutschland berücksichtigt, gesichert und entwickelt werden können und wie die gesellschaftliche Relevanz von Ökosystemleistungen auch in der räumlichen Planung ihren Niederschlag finden kann. Derzeit werden in der Praxis der räumlichen Planung in Deutschland kaum Chancen gesehen, dass neue Verfahren etabliert werden können, die auf dem ÖkosystemleistungsAnsatz basieren und dazu führen könnten, diesen umfassend in die Planung zu integrieren. Allerdings ist die Modernisierung von formellen und informellen Planungsinstrumenten längerfristig angelegt, wozu der Ökosystemleistungs-Ansatz sowohl methodisch als auch konzeptionell einen wesentlichen Beitrag leisten kann. Deshalb wird in vorliegendem Beitrag diskutiert, wie der Ökosystemleistungs-Ansatz kurzbis mittelfristigen Eingang in die formelle räumliche Planung finden kann und welcher gesellschaftliche und ökologische Mehrwert darüber generiert werden kann. Dazu werden die Chancen und Risiken unterschiedlicher Implementierungen erwogen und einzelne Ansatzpunkte näher ausgeführt.
Due to global changes and changes in land use, ecosystems and their services are increasingly affected. Against this background, it is questionable how ecosystems and the services they provide can be better and sufficiently taken into account in land-use planning as well as spatial development in Germany. Currently little chance is seen to establish new ecosystem service-based processes that would be comprehensively integrated in the spatial planning practice in Germany. However, modernisation of formal and informal planning instruments is conceived in a long-term perspective. The ecosystem service approach can essentially contribute to this modernisa[1]tion methodically as well as conceptually. Therefore, this paper discusses possibilities how to integrate the ecosystem service approach in formal spatial planning in a short to medium term and which societal and ecological added value can be generated. Chances and risks of different implementation options will be discussed and specific approaches outlined.
Journal Article