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Limburgish is a regional language in the Limburg region consisting mostly of the Belgian and Dutch provinces of Limburg. The discussion will be on the Dutch province of Limburg where Limburgish has received some legal recognition as a language. It is desirable to have a Dutch–Limburgish legal dictionary to communicate Dutch law, although Limburgish legal termi-nology is not a working legal language in any legal system. Special structures and data are needed to collect accessible contents for a Dutch–Limburgish legal dictionary. However, there is no blueprint to create a bilingual legal dictionary for a single jurisdiction. Therefore, this paper first considers some options for the design of the intended dic-tionary before going into possible sources for Dutch and Limburgish data. The concluding remarks deal with the immediate challenges to be overcome before reaching the production stage of a useful and fully-fledged Dutch–Limburgish legal dictionary.

A Model for an Online Specialized Dictionary for GIS.As part of a MA study completed at Stellenbosch University, a model for an online specialized dictionary for GIS was developed to address three problems. The first problem is the large number of specialized dictionaries created without the guidance of the theory of lexicography. A dictionary seldom reaches its potential of user-friendliness and accessibility without the guidance of theory of lexicography. One field of study that has this problem is Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Looking at online GIS dictionaries, the second problem is identified: the existing specialized dictionaries for GIS are not sufficient sources for GIS pedagogy in South Africa. The existing dictionaries are not aimed at any specific user. Beginners, semi-experts and experts are all treated the same without taking into account their individualized needs. There is also no specialized dictionary that provides an operational function — all of the dictionaries focus only on text reception. A look at the communicative function of these specialized dictionaries shows the third problem: there is no GIS dictionary that offers translation equivalents in Afrikaans (or any of the other official African languages). This article proposes a model developed with the theory of lexicography that can address the gap in GIS pedagogy in South Africa, as it is intended for beginners and has both an operational and a communicative function.

This study explores the role of corpus linguistics in addressing lexicographic challenges over the past ten years. It examines 25 studies published from 2012 to 2021 that employed corpus solutions to solve lexicographic problems. Challenging tasks are either relevant to the macrostructure or the microstructure of dictionaries. In the past decade, lexicographers made extensive use of corpus tools to create dictionaries and improve existing ones. This effort included compiling general and specialized headword lists, identifying idiom variations, detecting collocational patterns, identifying and ordering words senses and differentiating polysemous words and near-synonyms. Frequency, keyword extraction, and word sketches are among the most effective aids for lexicographers. According to the investigated studies, almost all dictionaries may benefit from corpus tools at the macro and microstructure levels.

The specialised lexicographic treatment of oenology and viticulture usually consists in the compiling of articles describing the language of wine in general language dictionaries, or presenting professional knowledge of wine in specialised multi-field dictionaries and encyclopedias. This treatment also encompasses the terminological compilation of single field dictionaries describing the language and/or knowledge of wine. Lexicographically speaking, all this is but a fraction of the complete picture. Indeed, the specialised lexicography of oenology and viticulture is multifaceted and goes far beyond the above-mentioned types of articles and dictionaries. It includes a broad range of both online and printed lexicographically structured information tools, such as wine guides, atlases, companions, oenological websites, and mobile applications. In line with this growing interest for lexicographically structured information tools on oenology, wine making, and wine tasting, this article argues for an expansion of lexicography dealing with wine: It explains how a new lexicographic information tool, in this case OENOLEX Burgundy, a French monolingual online wine dictionary commissioned by the Burgundian wine industry, offers various functions and usage modes to its users, including access to multimodal data, and how it differs from a comparable South African online wine dictionary commissioned by the South African wine industry. In line with the findings of this comparative study, lexicographic proposals are subsequently formulated. The first proposal is that such online wine industry dictionaries should be developed in accordance with specific user situations and needs, and make use of a monofunctional design and an adaptive user interface. The second proposal is that such online wine industry dictionaries should not stand alone, as they could benefit from a full integration with the websites of the wine industry, and consequently transform into genuine lexicographic information tools. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

The specialised lexicographic treatment of oenology and viticulture usually consists in the compiling of articles describing the language of wine in general language dictionaries, or presenting professional knowledge of wine in specialised multi-field dictionaries and encyclopedias. This treatment also encompasses the terminological compilation of single field dictionaries describing the language and/or knowledge of wine. Lexicographically speaking, all this is but a fraction of the complete picture. Indeed, the specialised lexicography of oenology and viticulture is multifaceted and goes far beyond the above-mentioned types of articles and dictionaries. It includes a broad range of both online and printed lexicographically structured information tools, such as wine guides, atlases, companions, oenological websites, and mobile applications. In line with this growing interest for lexicographically structured information tools on oenology, wine making, and wine tasting, this article argues for an expansion of lexicography dealing with wine: It explains how a new lexicographic information tool, in this case OENOLEX Burgundy, a French monolingual online wine dictionary commissioned by the Burgundian wine industry, offers various functions and usage modes to its users, including access to multimodal data, and how it differs from a comparable South African online wine dictionary commissioned by the South African wine industry. In line with the findings of this comparative study, lexicographic proposals are subsequently formulated. The first proposal is that such online wine industry dictionaries should be developed in accordance with specific user situations and needs, and make use of a monofunctional design and an adaptive user interface. The second proposal is that such online wine industry dictionaries should not stand alone, as they could benefit from a full integration with the websites of the wine industry, and consequently transform into genuine lexicographic information tools. Nuwe voorstelle vir die ontwerp van geïntegreerde aanlyn wynbedryfwoordeboeke Die gespesialiseerde leksikografiese behandeling van die wynkunde en wynbou bestaan gewoonlik in die samestelling van artikels wat die taal van wyn in algemene taalwoordeboeke beskryf of die vakkennis van wyn in gespesialiseerde multiveldwoordeboeke en -ensiklopediëe aanbied. Hierdie behandeling omvat ook die terminologiese samestelling van enkelveldwoordeboeke wat die taal en/of kennis van wyn omskryf. Leksikografies gesproke is dit alles maar 'n klein deeltjie van die geheelbeeld. Die gespesialiseerde leksikografie van die wynkunde en wynbou is inderdaad ryk geskakeerd en gaan ver verby die bogenoemde soort artikels en woordeboeke. Dit sluit 'n wye reeks van sowel aanlyn as gedrukte leksikografies gestruktureerde inligtingsgereedskap in, soos wyngidse, -atlasse, -maatskappye, wynkundige webtuistes en mobiele toepassings. Ooreenkomstig hierdie groeiende belangstelling vir leksikografies gestruktureerde inligtingsgereedskap oor wynkunde, wynmaak en wynproe, bepleit hierdie artikel 'n uitbreiding van die leksikografie wat handel oor wyn: Dit verduidelik hoe 'n nuwe leksikografiese inligtingswerktuig, in hierdie geval OENOLEX Burgundy, 'n Franse eentalige aanlyn wynwoordeboek wat 'n opdrag van die Boergondiese wynbedryf is, verskillende funksies en gebruiksmodusse aan sy gebruikers bied, insluitende toegang tot multimodale data, en hoe dit verskil van 'n vergelykbare Suid-Afrikaanse aanlyn wynwoordeboek wat 'n opdrag is van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf. Ooreenkomstig die bevindinge van hierdie vergelykende studie, word leksikografiese voorstelle vervolgens geformuleer. Die eerste voorstel is dat sulke aanlyn wynbedryfwoordeboeke ontwerp behoort te word in ooreenstemming met spesifieke gebruikersituasies en -behoeftes en gebruik te maak van 'n monofunksionele ontwerp en 'n aanpasbare gebruikerskoppelvlak. Die tweede voorstel is dat sulke aanlyn wynbedryfwoordeboeke nie alleen behoort te staan nie, aangesien hulle kan baat by 'n volle integrasie met die webtuistes van die wynbedryf, en gevolglik verander in werklike leksikografiese inligtingsgereedskap.

In the course of 25 years of their existence, hand-held electronic dictionaries (HHEDs) have become more comprehensive in terms of content and more sophisticated technologically. One dimension in which the specification of these devices has advanced is the subject field of HHEDs. Medicine is one prime example of this trend. Medical HHEDs, which include many specialized, not readily accessible print dictionaries, save the user considerable time and effort. The HHED’s electronically enhanced navigability makes almost redundant the rules and conventions associated with consultation of print dictionaries. The market of medical HHEDs has been dominated by Casio and Seiko Instruments Inc. (SII). Each manufacturer contracted a block of publishers to supply contents for its respective set of products. With SII’s withdrawal from the HHED business, Stedman’s Medical Dictionary and its Japanese version were included in Casio’s HHED. The integration of a source dictionary and its translated version to be exploited for bi-directional consultation and learning in either language can be a useful, potential avenue for the next generation of HHEDs, in the environment rendered more competitive by a wide array of smart devices with Internet connectivity.

The present article addresses the two contemporary Italian dictionaries of abbreviations Malossini (1999) and Righini (2001) and outlines the position of the Italian abbreviations in some other Italian dictionaries, namely the monolingual Zingarelli (2000) and Garzanti (2021) and bilingual Slovene–Italian (Šlenc 2006) and Italian–Slovene (Šlenc 1997). The aim of the paper is to give an insight into the compilation of the abbreviation dictionary entries in monolingual Italian, bilingual in tandem with the Slovene language and specialised abbreviation dictionaries; highlight the elements present within the dictionary entries; present the deficiencies in compiling and examples of good practice; with the aim of introducing the outcomes in the compilation of the bilingual Italian–Slovene dictionary entries of the Slovene Contemporary Dictionary of Abbreviations. Within the paper we present the composition of the bilingual dictionary entries giving the reader an insight into the elements of the dictionary entry, namely the usage of language and field qualifiers, articulated prepositions, i.e. preposizioni articolate (composed of prepositions and definite articles), official translations and additional descriptions.

This paper aims to cast some light on three broad topics. Firstly, it elaborates on the concept of dictionaries as texts. Hence, they are compiled to provide assistance in several situations and are divided into sections that often represent different text types. Secondly, it defends that lexicographic equivalence is a parole phenomenon that is so much influenced by genre and topic conventions that practicing it, e.g. translating bilingual dictionary articles, requires skills that, to the best of our knowledge, have not been described in the lexicographic literature. Thirdly, reflections on the above topics are illustrated with the practice of translating the English dictionary articles of the Accounting Dictionaries into Danish and Spanish. They will allow us to comment on some peculiarities of specialized dictionary translation, i.e. a type of translation that shows some differences with standard text types such as journal articles, books and so on.

German Vocabulary in Romanian Plant Names. A Report of Romanian Lexicographic Practice.This paper examines an important but insufficiently investigated phenomenon — lexical innovation as a result of plant naming and the expression of national customs and traditions — by showing various linguistic influences in common plant names. E. Coşeriu considers this phenomenon to be given insufficient importance by linguists, given that fact that individual speakers became creators of language/poetry whenever they named a plant. I am of the opinion that a botanical lexicon of a particular region, once known, is not only a thesaurus, but can also be regarded as a document of a resident population or place in the past. First and foremost, botanical folk terminology has a practical value in that it identifies, distinguishes and categorizes members of the plant kingdom within a given natural realm. It, however, also has great theoretical significance for linguists, both with regard to the etymons from which they are derived, and to the metaphorical meanings that the phytonyms usually have. The article focuses on a selected area of Romanian specialized lexicography and offers an insight into the most recent lexicographic recording of Romanian plant names. Since, however, the German vocabulary in the commonly used plant names has been rather marginalized in the Romanian specialized literature, and since its characteristics have only been recorded and described loosely, the explanations are based solely on borrowed and/or adapted Romanian plant names of German origin. Other extraneous correspondences, mix-ups, erroneous assignments, other plant species or formations with the terms German/nemţesc (‘deutsch’) or Transylvanian-Saxon/săsesc (‘sächsisch’) etc., were not considered here. In my paper this rich inventory of plant names will be presented and exemplified using the German vocabulary listed here.

Restricted dictionaries are fully-fledged dictionaries and their contribution to lexicography should never be underestimated. Because restricted dictionaries often are neglected in lexicographic discussions this article emphasises the significance of their role as members of the lexicographic family. Within a comprehensive dictionary culture the focus should not only be on dictionaries dealing with languages for general purposes but also on dictionaries in which languages for special purposes are treated. This paper firstly offers some terminological clarity and distinguishes between subject field dictionaries and special field dictionaries. The user-perspective is then discussed before it is shown how aspects of a general theory of lexicography also prevail in these dictionaries. This applies among others to the subtypological classification as well as different lexicographic functions. Using a dictionary from each of the categories of subject field and special field dictionaries it is indicated how dictionary structures are employed and further developed in an innovative way. Attention is given to structures like the article structure and the frame structure and to a transtextual approach in monolingual dictionaries with a bilingual dimension. The focus in the discussion of the subject field dictionary is on different aspects of the macrostructure. An explanation is given of double-layered sublemmata and it is shown how integrated macrostructures are employed in this dictionary. It is indicated how this section of the lexicographic practice can enrich the field of metalexicography and dictionary research.