Explore the vast range of titles available.

The type of throw of a spin bowler can be analysed in the laboratory using a motion analysis system. However, there is still no method to determine the type of throw using other means and less effort. To solve this problem, we revised the traditional classification of spin bowling throws and analysed whether spin bowling throws are separate entities or continuous concepts. We used an advanced smart cricket ball with high-speed gyroscopes to record the bowling actions and mathematically transformed the spin axis from the ball coordinate system (BCS) to the global coordinate system (GCS). We developed a visualisation method to map spin bowling throws from the yaw and pitch angles of the ball’s spin axis in the GCS. We compared the data from the smart ball with the data from the motion analysis system and profiled seven spin bowlers using the new method. The results of this study have shown that spin bowling throws are continuous concepts and that all differences between the two spin axis measurement methods were within 95% limits of agreement. The Smart Ball is sufficiently accurate to measure the direction of the ball’s spin axis in the GCS and is therefore well suited for profiling spin bowlers. Hybrid deliveries between sidespin, top/backspin, and swerve maximise the deviations of the ball in flight from the straight flight path in all three planes of the GCS. Hybrid throws between sidespin, top/backspin, and spin maximise the ball’s deviation from the straight trajectory in all three planes of the GCS.

Spin coating is used by several industries to apply thin but uniform liquid films to a given substrate. While this method produces very uniform coatings over much of the substrate, near the periphery of the substrate, defects in the coating, sometimes referred to as edge beading, often occur. This paper explores the usage of a two-axis spin coating technology that leads to a more uniform film thickness near the edge of the substrate. By rotating the substrate on an axis parallel to the substrate, centrifugal forces are generated that act both normal and parallel to the substrate. These forces are known as elevated gravity and act to even out any existing coating irregularities and also to drain liquid toward the edge of the substrate. This study investigates the effect of elevated gravity on the coating dynamics of a photoresist liquid film on a circular silicon wafer. Using lubrication theory, we derive a modified evolution equation that includes the effects of elevated gravity. We solve this equation numerically using implicit finite differences. Four layers of a photoresist film are spin coated on 3-inch circular wafers using a two-axes spin technology under various elevated gravity conditions. The thickness of the dried coating layers near the periphery of the substrate is measured using a SEM device. Both the experiments and the simulations show that edge beading defects can be substantially reduced for the 500 g elevated gravity case compared to the normal 1 g gravity case.

This investigation reports on anisotropy in the magnetic interaction, lattice-orbital coupling and degree of phonon softening in single crystal Ni 3 TeO 6 (NTO) using temperature- and polarization-dependent X-ray absorption spectroscopic techniques. The magnetic field-cooled and zero-field-cooled measurements and temperature-dependent Ni L 3,2 -edge X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectra of NTO reveal a weak Ni-Ni ferromagnetic interaction close to ~60 K ( T SO : temperature of the onset of spin ordering) with a net alignment of Ni spins (the uncompensated components of the Ni moments) along the crystallographic c -axis, which is absent from the ab -plane. Below the Néel temperature, T N ~ 52 K, NTO is stable in the antiferromagnetic state with its spin axis parallel to the c -axis. The Ni L 3,2 -edge X-ray linear dichroism results indicate that above T SO , the Ni 3 d e g electrons preferentially occupy the out-of-plane 3 d 3z 2 −r 2 orbitals and switch to the in-plane 3 d x 2 −y 2 orbitals below T SO . The inherent distortion of the NiO 6 octahedra and anisotropic nearest-neighbor Ni-O bond lengths between the c -axis and the ab -plane of NTO, followed by anomalous Debye-Waller factors and orbital-lattice in conjunction with spin-phonon couplings, stabilize the occupied out-of-plane (3 d 3z 2 −r 2 ) and in-plane (3 d x 2 −y 2 ) Ni e g orbitals above and below T SO , respectively.

This study analyzes the optimal transfer trajectory of a spacecraft propelled by a spin-stabilized electric solar wind sail (E-sail) with a single conducting tether and a spin axis with a fixed direction in an inertial (heliocentric) reference frame. The approach proposed in this study is useful for rapidly analyzing the optimal transfer trajectories of the current generation of small spacecraft designed to obtain in-situ evidence of the E-sail propulsion concept. In this context, starting with the recently proposed thrust model for a single-tether E-sail, this study discusses the optimal control law and performance in a typical two-dimensional interplanetary transfer by considering the (binary) state of the onboard electron emitter as the single control parameter. The resulting spacecraft heliocentric trajectory is a succession of Keplerian arcs alternated with propelled arcs, that is, the phases in which the electron emitter is switched on. In particular, numerical simulations demonstrated that a single-tether E-sail with an inertially fixed spin axis can perform a classical mission scenario as a circle-to-circle two-dimensional transfer by suitably varying a single control parameter.

We present a spin two-axis-twisting mechanism via coherent population trapping (CPT) based atom–photon interactions. CPT happens and the atoms are trapped in the dark state (coherent superposition of two ground states) when the ground states are resonantly coupled to a common excited state. Close to CPT, the atoms behave as two dark-state based spins, which interact with the common cavity vacuum fields. The otherwise nonexistent interaction is created between them and is identified to be responsible for the two-axis-twisting of the ground state spin. The essential difference from the previous schemes is the compatibility of the twisting spin squeezing with the resonant atom-light interaction. The CPT resonant unit serves as a kind of new ingredients for the quantum networks.

Co-doped SnO2 thin films were grown by sputtering technique on SiO2/Si(001) substrates at room temperature, and then, thermal treatments with and without an applied magnetic field (HTT) were performed in vacuum at 600°C for 20 min. HTT was applied parallel and perpendicular to the substrate surface. Magnetic M(H) measurements reveal the coexistence of a strong antiferromagnetic (AFM) signal and a ferromagnetic (FM) component. The AFM component has a Néel temperature higher than room temperature, the spin axis lies parallel to the substrate surface, and the highest magnetic moment m =7 μB/Co at. is obtained when HTT is applied parallel to the substrate surface. Our results show an enhancement of FM moment per Co+2 from 0.06 to 0.42 μB/Co at. for the sample on which HTT was applied perpendicular to the surface. The FM order is attributed to the coupling of Co+2 ions through electrons trapped at the site of oxygen vacancies, as described by the bound magnetic polaron model. Our results suggest that FM order is aligned along [101] direction of Co-doped SnO2 nanocrystals, which is proposed to be the easy magnetization axis.

Extensive observations of comet 260P/McNaught were carried out between August 2012 and January 2013. The images obtained were used to analyze the comet’s inner coma morphology at resolutions ranging from 250 to about 1000 km/pixel. A deep investigation of the dust features in the inner coma allowed us to identify only a single main active source on the comet’s nucleus, at an estimated latitude of −50 ∘ ±15 ∘ . A thorough analysis of the appearance and of the motion of the morphological structures, supported by graphic simulations of the geometrical conditions of the observations, allowed us to determine a pole orientation located within a circular spot of a 15 ∘ -radius centered at RA=60 ∘ , Dec=0 ∘ . The rotation of the nucleus seems to occur on a single axis and is not chaotic, furthermore no precession effects could be estimated from our measurements. The comet’s spin axis never reached the plane of the sky from October 2012 to January 2013; during this period it did not change its direction significantly (less than 30 ∘ ), thus giving us the opportunity to observe mainly structures such as bow-shaped jets departing from the single active source located on the comet’s nucleus. Only during the months of August 2012 and January 2013 the polar axis was directed towards the Earth at an angle of about 45 ∘ from the plane of the sky; this made it possible to observe the development of faint structures like fragments of shells or spirals. A possible rotation period of 0.340±0.01 days was estimated by means of differential photometric analysis.

Experiments in materials science investigating cubic crystalline structures often collect data which are in truth equivalence classes of crystallographically symmetric orientations. These intend to represent how lattice structures of particles are orientated relative to a reference coordinate system. Motivated by a materials science application, we formulate parametric probability models for \"unlabeled orientation data.\" This amounts to developing models on equivalence classes of three-dimensional rotations. We use a flexible existing model class for random rotations (called uniform-axis-random-spin models) to induce probability distributions on the equivalence classes of rotations. We develop one-sample Bayesian inference for the parameters in these models, and compare this methodology to some likelihood-based approaches. We also contrast the new parametric analysis of unlabeled orientation data with other analyses that proceed as if the data have been preprocessed into honest orientation data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a technique used in materials science to study the microtexture of metals, producing data that measure the orientations of crystals in a specimen. We examine the precision of such data based on a useful class of distributions on orientations in three dimensions (as represented by 3 × 3 orthogonal matrices with positive determinants). Although such modeling has received attention in the statistical literature, the approach taken typically has been based on general \"special manifold\" considerations, and the resulting methodology may not be easily accessible to nonspecialists. We take a more direct modeling approach, beginning from a simple, intuitively appealing mechanism for generating random orientations specifically in three-dimensional space. The resulting class of distributions has many desirable properties, including directly interpretable parameters and relatively simple theory. We investigate the basic properties of the entire class and one-sample quasi-likelihood-based inference for one member of the model class, producing a new statistical methodology that is practically useful in the analysis of EBSD data. This article has supplementary material online.

An object can be in either of two states—stationary or in motion. When we think of motion, we should consider a frame of reference, since an object may be moving with respect to one system of coordinates, yet be stationary with respect to the another system of coordinates, if that systems moves together with the object. A stationary object is described by its position within the selected coordinates—just like a chess figure position on a specific square has a coordinate notation, for example e2 (Fig. 9.1).