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The hadronization of a high-energy parton is described by fragmentation functions which are introduced through QCD factorizations. While the hadronization mechanism per se remains uknown, fragmentation functions can still be investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative study mainly concentrates on extracting genuine features based on the operator definition in quantum field theory. The quantitative research focuses on describing a variety of experimental data employing the fragmentation function given by the parameterizations or model calculations. With the foundation of the transverse-momentum-dependent factorization, the QCD evolution of leading twist transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions has also been established. In addition, the universality of fragmentation functions has been proven, albeit model-dependently, so that it is possible to perform a global analysis of experimental data in different high-energy reactions. The collective efforts may eventually reveal important information hidden in the shadow of nonperturbative physics. This review covers the following topics: transverse-momentum-dependent factorization and the corresponding QCD evolution, spin-dependent fragmentation functions at leading and higher twists, several experimental measurements and corresponding phenomenological studies, and some model calculations.

We demonstrate a spin interference effect in a small array of InGaAs mesoscopic rings. The spin interference is based on the time reversal Aharonov-Casher (AC) effect. The AC interference oscillations are controlled over several periods. This result shows evidence for electrical manipulation of the spin precession angle in an InGaAs two-dimensional gas channel. We observe a reproducible half-oscillation, which may be attributed to the competition between the Rashba SOI and the Dresselhaus SOI.

We study the transport properties of a p-InMnAs/n-InAs/Nb junction, where a p-InMnAs can be regarded as a spin injector. We fabricate the junctions at different distances between InMnAs and Nb electrodes and measure the differential conductance of the n-InAs channel. The conductance varies significantly depending on the direction of the injection current and the distance between the spin injector and the superconductor. We also calculate the conductance in the n-InAs channel by taking into account the exchange field in the InAs channel that is induced by the ferromagnetic semiconductor InMnAs. The difference between the conductance behaviors for different injection current directions can be explained by the inverse proximity effect in which the exchange field is also induced in the superconductor. From the experimental and theoretical results, it can be said that we successively observed the phenomena due to the inverse proximity effect that depends on a spin-polarized carrier injection.

Multiferroics, the materials in which both (anti)ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity can coexist, are the prospective host of the gigantic magnetoelectric (ME) effect. The multiferroics based on the spin-current (or inverse Dzyaloshinskiy-Moriya interaction) mechanism have recently been proved to realize in many cycloidal and conical spin states of frustrated magnets, in which the clamping between the magnetic and ferroelectric domains can show up. Recent advance in the research on the dynamical ME effects toward the electrical control of magnetism is presented.