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This study aims to explore how COVID-19 and the Movement Control Order (MCO) have influenced the trend of property crimes in Kuching, Sarawak spanning from 2020 until 2022. The lockdown imposed by the government had impacted daily activities in Malaysia, including those in Kuching, Sarawak. The methodology employed in this research involves descriptive analysis and spatial analysis, specifically using the Hot Spot Getis GI* technique, with the support of ArcGIS software. It examines relationships between crime and geography. The trend of property crime cases dropped from 1,144 cases (2020) to 813 cases in 2021 and ended with 683 cases in the year 2022. The value of GiZScore from the lowest of 2.066694 to the highest of 13.365677 is from the year 2021. Property crime in Kuching's urban center was targeted even during MCO beginning March 2020 to November 1, 2021. This indicates a notable decrease in property crime trends during the COVID-19 (2020-2021) pandemic period due to the MCO and lockdown which continue to impact into the subsequent endemic era of 2022. This demonstrates the efficiency of the Royal Malaysia Police, particularly in the context of Kuching, Sarawak.

STN-DBS is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), improving motor symptoms, but its impact on non-motor symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, remain unclear. This study investigates the relationship between electrode contact locations, their corresponding volume of tissue activated (VTA), and postoperative changes in emotional symptoms. It aims to identify optimal group-level stimulation sites for improving anxiety and depression in PD patients and to develop a structural connectome to explore how cortical regions targeted by fiber projections correlate with mood outcomes. We retrospectively studied 56 PD patients who underwent bilateral STN-DBS, assessed 6 months post-surgery. Standardized scales evaluated motor, affective, and cognitive symptoms before and after the procedure. Electrode positions were reconstructed using Lead-DBS, and VTAs were calculated. Voxel-wise sweet spot and structural connectivity analyses investigated how stimulation sites influenced clinical outcomes. Compared to preoperative assessments, postoperative evaluations revealed varying degrees of improvement in motor function, quality of life, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in PD patients ( < 0.05). The amelioration of anxiety and depression was associated with electrode contacts located in the ventral region of the STN. Specifically, improvements in anxiety were positively correlated with the VTA in the limbic region of the right STN. Sweet spot analysis revealed that stimulation of the ventrocentral region of the left STN was significantly associated with emotional improvement. Structural connectivity analysis revealed that fiber tracts to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were positively associated with anxiety and depression improvement, while those to the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) showed a negative correlation. STN-DBS markedly improves motor symptoms and quality of life in PD patients while also positively impacting anxiety and depressive symptoms. The ventral STN is likely the optimal stimulation target for ameliorating anxiety and depressive symptoms. The therapeutic effects of STN-DBS electrodes may promote postoperative improvements in anxiety and depression by modulating fiber tracts connected to prefrontal regions. Future research should leverage connectome mapping and isolated fiber tracts to refine electrode placement, using directional leads to target specific STN subregions for improved symptom management.

Long-term landscape-scale experiments allow for the detection of effects of silviculture on bird abundance. Manipulative studies allow for strong inference on effects and confirmation of patterns from observational studies. We estimated bird-territory density within forest stands (2.89-62 ha) for 19 years of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), a 100-year experiment designed to study the effects of even-age and uneven-age management on wildlife. We spot-mapped territories of 15 species in 228 stands for 5 years before treatment and 14 years after treatment to assess the effects of stand-level silvicultural treatments (clearcut, select cut, thin, and no-harvest) applied within even-age, uneven-age, or no-harvest (control) management sites and year on avian territory density. We used 2 a priori contrasts to compare pre-treatment bird densities with densities during early (3-5 yr) and late (12-14 yr) post-treatment periods. The interaction of silvicultural treatment and year had significant effects on the densities of all 15 species. Densities of hooded warbler (Setophaga citrina), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), prairie warbler (Setophaga discolor), and yellow breasted chat (Icteria virens) increased significantly 3-5 years post-treatment with the greatest changes in clearcuts, but densities 12-14 years post-treatment did not differ from pre-treatment densities. Densities of Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), and especially ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) had significant decreases in clearcut stands after treatment and lesser decreases in select cut or thin stands post-treatment. Densities of black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), eastern wood-pewee (Contopus virens), and Kentucky warbler [Geothlypis formosa) increased in clearcut, thin, and select cut stands, but these increases were short-lived and sporadic by year after treatment. Densities of Acadian flycatcher and ovenbird remained lower in clearcut stands than no-harvest stands 13 years post-treatment. The results of this manipulative experiment were mostly consistent with our predictions of bird response to common silvicultural treatments in these forests. Managers can use these species-specific responses to silvicultural treatment to guide management decisions for target species or to balance management practices in a landscape to meet the needs of multiple species.

Few species are distributed uniformly in space, and populations of mobile organisms are rarely closed with respect to movement, yet many models of density rely upon these assumptions. We present a hierarchical model allowing inference about the density of unmarked populations subject to temporary emigration and imperfect detection. The model can be fit to data collected using a variety of standard survey methods such as repeated point counts in which removal sampling, double-observer sampling, or distance sampling is used during each count. Simulation studies demonstrated that parameter estimators are unbiased when temporary emigration is either \"completely random\" or is determined by the size and location of home ranges relative to survey points. We also applied the model to repeated removal sampling data collected on Chestnut-sided Warblers ( Dendroica pensylvancia ) in the White Mountain National Forest, USA. The density estimate from our model, 1.09 birds/ha, was similar to an estimate of 1.11 birds/ha produced by an intensive spot-mapping effort. Our model is also applicable when processes other than temporary emigration affect the probability of being available for detection, such as in studies using cue counts. Functions to implement the model have been added to the R package unmarked .

Background: Correct mapping of the blind spot is important, as it serves as an estimate of fixation reliability. When the blind spot is not seen in the expected location in Humphrey visual field (HVF) printout, the clinician should give a thought to why this might be the case. Purpose: This video describes a series of cases, in which due to different reasons the blind spot could not be seen in the presumed expected location in the grayscale and numeric data of the HVF printout and the possible explanation behind this. Synopsis: When interpreting perimetry results, it is important to know whether the field test is reliable or not. A stimulus presented at the location of physiologic blind spot should not be seen by a patient with a steady fixation in Heijl-Krakau method. Responses will also occur, however, if the patient has a tendency for false-positive responses, or when the blind spot of the properly fixing eye is not in the location where the test stimulus is presented, because of anatomic variation, or if the patient's head is tilted while performing the test. Highlights: Perimetrist should recognize these potential artifact, during the test and relocate the blind spot. In case, such results are seen after finishing the test, it is recommended for the clinician to repeat the test. Video link: https://youtu.be/I1gxmMWqDQA Key words: Humphrey visual field, Blind spot mapping, False positive response

Studies of songbird breeding habitat often compare habitat characteristics of used and unused areas. Although there is usually meticulous effort to precisely and consistently measure habitat characteristics, accuracy of methods for estimating which areas are used versus which are unused by birds remains generally untested. To examine accuracy of spot-mapping to identify singing territories of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera), which are considered an early successional forest specialists, we used spot-mapping and radiotelemetry to record song perches and delineate song territories for breeding male golden-winged warblers in northwestern Minnesota, USA. We also used radiotelemetry to record locations (song and nonsong perches) of a subsample (n= 12) of males throughout the day to delineate home ranges. We found that telemetry-based estimates of song territories were 3 times larger and included more mature forest than those estimated from spot-mapping. In addition, home ranges estimated using radiotelemetry included more mature forest than spot-mapping- and telemetry-based song territories, with 75% of afternoon perches located in mature forest. Our results suggest that mature forest comprises a larger component of goldenwinged warbler song territories and home ranges than is indicated based on spot-mapping in Minnesota. Because it appears that standard observational methods can underestimate territory size and misidentify cover-type associations for golden-winged warblers, we caution that management and conservation plans may be misinformed, and that similar studies are needed for golden-winged warblers across their range and for other songbird species.

Because space-use patterns are a key aspect of the ecology and distribution of species, identifying factors associated with variation in size of territories and home ranges has been central to studies on population ecology. Space use might vary in response to extrinsic factors like habitat quality and to intrinsic factors like physical condition and individual aggressiveness. However, the role of these factors has been poorly documented in the tropics, particularly in high-elevation bird species. We report the home-range size of a Neotropical Andean bird, the gray-browed brush finch (Arremon assimilis), and evaluate the role of physical condition in explaining variation in home-range size among individuals. We performed spot mapping to estimate the home ranges of 14 territorial males in Bogotá, Colombia, using minimum convex polygons (MCP) and 95% kernel density estimators (KDE). The mean home-range size estimated for the 100% MCP was 0.522 ± 0.305 ha (range = 0.15–1.18 ha), whereas the 95% KDE estimation was 0.504 ± 0.471 ha (range = 0.13–1.88). We calculated the real mass index of each bird as a proxy of physical condition to assess whether individuals in better physical condition had larger home ranges. Because we found no relation between our estimations of physical condition and home-range size, we conclude that space use in this species might depend more on ecological factors such as habitat quality or neighbor density than on individual traits.

Documenting space-use patterns of animals is important for understanding their ecology and providing for their conservation. The concept of territory refers to a defended area, whereas the concept of home range refers to any area used by an animal during its normal activities. Few studies have explored quantitatively how these areas differ, and the use of these terms in the literature has, at times, been inconsistent. Many studies attempt to estimate territory size of a bird by territory mapping, which involves using locations obtained by following a singing bird. This is often assumed to be an effective measure of territory size, but few studies have examined the efficacy of this technique. Here, we used radiotelemetry to estimate breeding home-range and territory sizes of Swainson's Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii), a Neotropical migrant songbird. We found that territories were much larger than had been estimated by territory-mapping methods and suggest that researchers use caution when assuming that territory mapping accounts for all areas used by a bird. We also found that home ranges were significantly larger than territories, and these relatively large home ranges necessitate protection of large areas of habitat for Swainson's Warblers. We emphasize the importance of precise terminology when referring to areas of space use and suggest that radiotracking may uncover previously unknown use patterns and important ecological information in species that have not been radiotracked.

Reliable estimates of population parameters derived from survey methods are essential for decision making in management of endangered species. We evaluated whether point-count surveys used in conjunction with occupancy and binomial mixture models (BMMs) constituted a reliable approach for monitoring the federally endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia) on a preserve in central Texas. Occupancy and abundance were estimated using point-count surveys conducted on each of five 113-ha detection grids in 2008 and seven grids in 2009. Single-season occupancy models and BMMs were used to estimate occupancy and abundance, respectively. Occupancy estimates per grid ranged from 0.48 to 1.0 in 2008 and from 0.52 to 1.0 in 2009. Estimates of abundance were compared with territory densities independently estimated using spot mapping, the standard by which all other avian survey methods are often compared. Abundance estimates produced by BMMs were significantly higher than territory density estimates at all but one site in 2008 and two sites in 2009. While estimation techniques incorporating detection probabilities should be considered in monitoring programs, our results suggest that BMMs deserve careful scrutiny before being used to estimate abundance or to monitor population trends.

The use of a new notation together with the territory mapping method is proposed for imprecisely located singing males, owing to which a position of a bird can be noted more precisely in field surveys