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"steam lines"
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Study of the energetic, exergetic, and thermal balances of a solar distillation unit in comparison with a conventional system during the distillation of rosemary leaves
The solar energy produced by Scheffler parabola (10 m
2
) is not fully exploited by the solar distillation system of aromatic and medicinal plants. In this work, the optical losses in the primary and secondary reflectors, and the thermal losses at each part of this system (solar still, steam line, condenser) were determined. A thermal energetic and exergetic analysis were also performed for a solar distillation system of rosemary leaves. For average intensity radiation of 849.1W/m
2
and 6 Kg of rosemary leaves during 4 h of distillation, exergy and optical efficiencies of the system achieved up to 26.62% and 50.97%, respectively. The thermal efficiency of the solar still, steam line, and condenser is about 94.80%, 94.30%, and 87.76%, respectively. The essential oil yield per unit of consumed energy and the total efficiency of the solar distillation system, taking into account the heat losses in the solar still, steam line, and condenser, as well as the optical losses in the two reflectors, is 6.18 mL/ kWh and 40.00%, respectively. The efficiency can be as high as 42.42 % if the steam line is insulated. Moreover, the comparison between the solar steam distillation and conventional steam distillation shows that solar distillation is much more efficient since it gives better results and especially it avoids the emission of 12.10 kg of CO
2
during extraction.
Journal Article
Analysis of thermal energy storage optimization of thermal insulation material and thermal insulation structure of steam pipe-line
In order to improve the steam pipe insulation material joints, waterproof, and other shortcomings, and provide a good design scheme for the insulation structure optimization, a gel heat preservation material was prepared through hydration hardening theory. Firstly, the preparation of thermal insulation material for steam pipe and the optimal design of thermal insulation structure was introduced. Then the performance of the insulation material of the steam pipe was evaluated. Finally, the stability and energy benefit of the thermal insulation structure were evaluated. The results show that the new gel thermal insulation material prepared in this research has good thermal insulation effect and good waterproof performance. In the stability evaluation of the thermal insulation structure of the steam pipe, it can be concluded that hard thermal insulation materials should be selected in the selection of thermal insulation materials. Its insulation effect is better than soft insulation material. In the thermal energy storage optimization of the thermal insulation structure, when the inner layer of the thermal insulation structure adopts 10 mm aerogel and the outer layer adopts 50 mm gel thermal insulation material, it is the optimal thermal insulation structure. The study has a good guiding effect on the economic benefit of steam pipe insulation structure.
nema
Journal Article
Failure of steam line causes determined by NDT testing in power and heating plants
This paper examines leakage and damages of steam and provides an overview of NDT testing in order to determine the cause of steam lines failure in power plants and heating plants. This approach may be applied to similar structures and its application in preventive maintenance would help extend the life of steam pipes.
Journal Article
Main steam line break accident simulation of APR1400 using the model of ATLAS facility
A main steam line break simulation for APR1400 as an advanced design of PWR has been performed using the RELAP5 code. The simulation was conducted in a model of thermal-hydraulic test facility called as ATLAS, which represents a scaled down facility of the APR1400 design. The main steam line break event is described in a open-access safety report document, in which initial conditions and assumptionsfor the analysis were utilized in performing the simulation and analysis of the selected parameter. The objective of this work was to conduct a benchmark activities by comparing the simulation results of the CESEC-III code as a conservative approach code with the results of RELAP5 as a best-estimate code. Based on the simulation results, a general similarity in the behavior of selected parameters was observed between the two codes. However the degree of accuracy still needs further research an analysis by comparing with the other best-estimate code. Uncertainties arising from the ATLAS model should be minimized by taking into account much more specific data in developing the APR1400 model.
Journal Article
Risk-Informed Analysis of Accidents at Reactor Facilities with VVER
An accident with ‘rupture of steam line’ as the initial event was studied for a reactor facility with VVER-1000. A computational analysis was performed of different flow scenarios of an accident with singular and multiple failures of the safety systems. The realization probability and the consequences were evaluated for each accident sequence. The consequences of the accidents are ranked and the most instructive combinations of failures of systems and blockings are determined from the standpoint of risk. The presented method is based on multivariate calculations and an integrated combination of deterministic and probabilistic approaches to safety validation.
Journal Article
The applicability of CFD to simulate and study the mixing process and the thermo-hydraulic consequences of a main steam line break in PWR model
This paper focuses on the validation and applicability of CFD to simulate and analyze the thermo-hydraulic consequences of a main steam line break. Extensive validation data come from experiments performed using the Rossendorf coolant mixing model facility. For the calculation, the range of 9 to 12 million hexahe?dral cells was constructed to capture all details in the interrogation domain in the system. The analysis was performed by running a time-dependent calculation, Detailed analyses were made at different cross-sections in the system to evaluate not only the value of the maximum and minimum temperature, but also the loca?tion and the time at which it occurs during the transient which is considered to be indicator for the quality of mixing in the system. CFD and experimental results were qualitatively compared; mixing in the cold legs with emergency core cooling systems was overestimated. This could be explained by the sensitivity to the bound?ary conditions. In the downcomer, the experiments displayed higher mixing: by our assumption this related to the dense measurement grid (they were not modelled). The temperature distribution in the core inlet plane agreed with the measurement results. Minor deviations were seen in the quantitative comparisons: the maximum temperature difference was 2?C.
nema
Journal Article
Failure of steam line causes determined by NDT testing in power and heating plants
This paper examines leakage and damages of steam and provides an overview of NDT testing in order to determine the cause of steam lines failure in power plants and heating plants. This approach may be applied to similar structures and its application in preventive maintenance would help extend the life of steam pipes.
Journal Article
Surface Temperature Mapping of the University of Northern Iowa Campus Using High Resolution Thermal Infrared Aerial Imageries
The goal of this project was to map the surface temperature of the University of Northern Iowa campus using high-resolution thermal infrared aerial imageries. A thermal camera with a spectral bandwidth of 3.0-5.0 μm was flown at the average altitude of 600 m, achieving ground resolution of 29 cm. Ground control data was used to construct the pixelto-temperature conversion model, which was later used to produce temperature maps of the entire campus and also for validation of the model. The temperature map then was used to assess the building rooftop conditions and steam line faults in the study area. Assessment of the temperature map revealed a number of building structures that may be subject to insulation improvement due to their high surface temperatures leaks. Several hot spots were also identified on the campus for steam pipelines faults. High-resolution thermal infrared imagery proved highly effective tool for precise heat anomaly detection on the campus, and it can be used by university facility services for effective future maintenance of buildings and grounds.
Journal Article
Efficient Use of Energy in the Industry
It’s well known that energy is the most important input of the industry. The energy sector must be kept under control, observed and planned carefully for the future in developing countries; migration to large cities, the altering and improving life standards, and the development in many industries have increased the demand for energy rapidly and continuously. However, the supply of energy has not been able to meet the consumption and the problem was solved by importing energy from other countries.
The key issue to a sustainable development is the balance between the supply and demand of energy, keeping the environment clean, healthy, and pollutant free. This topic is very important for Turkey, who is in the process of becoming a member to EU and a cosigner of the KYOTO protocol. Turkey imports more than half of her energy although she has a variety of primary sources. The difference between supply and demand is expected to reach 200 million TOE by 2020.
Energy has become the main issue in almost all engineering applications in the world today due to its steadily increasing price and its unpredictability. Energy efficiency is “a low-hanging fruit” on the “energy tree” which can help address a number of objectives at the same time and at a low or negative cost, such as security of supply, environmental impacts, competitiveness, balance of trade, investment requirements, social implications, and others.
This chapter has been prepared to illustrate the energy efficiency measures and methods utilized in the industry, presenting the outcome of an energy analysis for the consumption for processes, heating and conditioning of production areas, and office space heating of a pharmaceutical plant.
Book Chapter