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Aim To understand the preferences of individuals with gender incongruence (GI) regarding gender‐affirming surgery (GAS), including gonadectomy. Methods A prospective, multicenter survey was conducted in Japan targeting individuals aged 18 years or older with GI who had not yet undergone GAS. Participants completed a questionnaire about their GAS preferences, desired surgical procedures, the reasons for their preferences, and willingness to undergo gonadectomy even if it was not legally required. Results In total, 107 participants (82 assigned female at birth [AFAB] and 25 assigned male at birth [AMAB]; median age: 31) participated in the study. Of those, 69% desired GAS, 29% did not, and 2% were undecided. The primary reasons for desiring GAS were the need for legal gender change (positive feelings: 62%, unavoidable: 24%), mental stability (56%), and reducing gender dysphoria (54%). Conversely, the main reasons for not wanting GAS were difficulty in securing funds for surgery (58%), followed by resistance to gonadectomy (41%). Of the 53 AFAB participants, 52 individuals desired hysterectomy and oophorectomy, and 26 wanted only this surgery. Among the 22 AMAB participants, 13 individuals desired vaginoplasty; however, five withdrew due to concerns about costs or postoperative complications. Even without legal requirements, 47% said they would choose gonadectomy. Conclusion Reforming legal requirements for gonadectomy may alter the demand for or details of GAS in Japan, yet half of the participants still desire surgery. The primary reason for not undergoing surgery is the difficulty in securing funds, which is a significant finding. Preferences for gender‐affirming surgery in Japan were shaped by legal and psychological factors, with financial difficulty as the main barrier.

Based on decades of increasing deer effects on local biodiversity, agricultural damage, and deer–vehicle collisions, we implemented a suburban white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) research and management program in 2007 on Cornell University lands in Tompkins County, New York, USA. We attempted to reduce deer numbers by surgically sterilizing female deer in the 445-ha suburban core campus via tubal ligation and ovariectomy. From 2007 to 2013, we sterilized 93 deer and radiocollared 67 adult females to monitor fawning. Tubal ligation and ovariectomy surgeries appeared to prevent birth in 96% and 100% of treated female deer, respectively. We implemented a camera survey, used a mark–resight model in Program NOREMARK to estimate annual deer abundance, and observed no reduction in female abundance by winter 2013. Conversely, we noted a 38% and 79% decrease of total adult females and fawns visible in sampled photographs, respectively, and an 873% increase in adult male visitation to camera traps on core campus. Surgical sterilization appeared to be ineffective for reducing the abundance of a geographically open population of white-tailed deer in the absence of lethal management. We do not recommend surgical sterilization as a stand-alone method for communities wishing to pursue mitigation of deer impacts with nonlethal approaches.

Background Surgical sterilisation is currently the method of choice for controlling free-roaming dog populations. However, there are significant logistical challenges to neutering large numbers of dogs in low-resource clinics. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of short-term surgical complications in a low-resource sterilisation clinic which did not routinely administer post-operative antibiotics. The medical records of all sterilisation surgeries performed in 2015 at the Worldwide Veterinary Service International Training Centre in Tamil Nadu, India were reviewed (group A) to assess immediate surgical complications. All animals in this group were monitored for at least 24 h post-surgery but were not released until assessed by a veterinarian as having uncomplicated wound healing. In the second part of this study from August to December 2015, 200 free-roaming dogs undergoing sterilisation surgery, were monitored for a minimum of 4-days post-surgery to further assess postoperative complications (group B). Results Surgery related complications were seen in 5.4% (95%CI, 4.5–6.5%) of the 1998 group A dogs monitored for at least 24 h, and in 7.0% (3.9–11.5%) of the 200 group B dogs monitored for 4 days. Major complications were classed as those requiring an intervention and resulted in increased morbidity or mortality. Major complications were seen in 2.8% (2.1–3.6%) and 1.5% (3.1–4.3%) of group A and B, respectively. Minor complications requiring little or no intervention were recorded for 2.6% (1.9–3.4%) for group A and 5.5% (2.8–9.6%) for group B. There was no evidence for a difference in complication rates between the two groups in a multivariate regression model. Conclusion This study demonstrated that high volume, low-resource sterilisation of dogs can be performed with a low incidence of surgical complications and low mortality.

The 1960s revolutionized American contraceptive practice. Diaphragms, jellies, and condoms with high failure rates gave way to newer choices of the Pill, IUD, and sterilization.Fit to Be Tiedprovides a history of sterilization and what would prove to become, at once, socially divisive and a popular form of birth control. During the first half of the twentieth century, sterilization (tubal ligation and vasectomy) was a tool of eugenics. Individuals who endorsed crude notions of biological determinism sought to control the reproductive decisions of women they considered \"unfit\" by nature of race or class, and used surgery to do so. Incorporating first-person narratives, court cases, and official records, Rebecca M. Kluchin examines the evolution of forced sterilization of poor women, especially women of color, in the second half of the century and contrasts it with demands for contraceptive sterilization made by white women and men. She chronicles public acceptance during an era of reproductive and sexual freedom, and the subsequent replacement of the eugenics movement with \"neo-eugenic\" standards that continued to influence American medical practice, family planning, public policy, and popular sentiment.

Many people are shocked upon discovering that tens of thousands of innocent persons in the United States were involuntarily sterilized, forced into institutions, and otherwise maltreated within the course of the eugenic movement (1900–30). Such social control efforts are easier to understand when we consider the variety of dehumanizing and fear-inducing rhetoric propagandists invoke to frame their potential victims. This book details the major rhetorical themes employed within the context of eugenic propaganda, drawing largely on original sources of the period. Early in the twentieth century the term “moron” was developed to describe the primary targets of eugenic control. This book demonstrates how the image of moronity in the United States was shaped by eugenicists. This book will be of interest not only to disability and eugenic scholars and historians, but to anyone who wants to explore the means by which pejorative metaphors are used to support social control efforts against vulnerable community groups.

While most people believe that the movement to secure voluntary reproductive control for women centered solely on abortion rights, for many women abortion was not the only, or even primary, focus. Jennifer Nelson tells the story of the feminist struggle for legal abortion and reproductive rights in the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s through the particular contributions of women of color. She explores the relationship between second-wave feminists, who were concerned with a woman's right to choose, Black and Puerto Rican Nationalists, who were concerned that Black and Puerto Rican women have as many children as possible “for the revolution,” and women of color themselves, who negotiated between them. Contrary to popular belief, Nelson shows that women of color were able to successfully remake the mainstream women's liberation and abortion rights movements by appropriating select aspects of Black Nationalist politics—including addressing sterilization abuse, access to affordable childcare and healthcare, and ways to raise children out of poverty—for feminist discourse.

Original and compelling, Laura Briggs'sReproducing Empireshows how, for both Puerto Ricans and North Americans, ideologies of sexuality, reproduction, and gender have shaped relations between the island and the mainland. From science to public policy, the \"culture of poverty\" to overpopulation, feminism to Puerto Rican nationalism, this book uncovers the persistence of concerns about motherhood, prostitution, and family in shaping the beliefs and practices of virtually every player in the twentieth-century drama of Puerto Rican colonialism. In this way, it sheds light on the legacies haunting contemporary debates over globalization. Puerto Rico is a perfect lens through which to examine colonialism and globalization because for the past century it has been where the United States has expressed and fine-tuned its attitudes toward its own expansionism. Puerto Rico's history holds no simple lessons for present-day debate over globalization but does unearth some of its history.Reproducing Empiresuggests that interventionist discourses of rescue, family, and sexuality fueled U.S. imperial projects and organized American colonialism. Through the politics, biology, and medicine of eugenics, prostitution, and birth control, the United States has justified its presence in the territory's politics and society. Briggs makes an innovative contribution to Puerto Rican and U.S. history, effectively arguing that gender has been crucial to the relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico, and more broadly, to U.S. expansion elsewhere.

Although sterilization is intended to be permanent, some individuals later seek fertility. In such cases, options can be limited and financially burdensome. This review evaluated the cost-effectiveness of sterilization reversal surgery in previously sterilized individuals. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus from inception in 1946 through December 2025, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. We included studies that analyzed cost-effectiveness or reported the costs of sterilization reversal in males (vasectomy reversal) or females (tubal anastomosis), with assisted reproductive technologies as comparators. Study quality was assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 checklist. Two authors independently screened each study to reduce bias. All costs per outcome were converted to 2024 United States dollars for analysis and comparisons. Of 1628 identified articles, 24 studies met the eligibility criteria. Almost all examined populations in high-income countries, such as the United States, the Netherlands, and Singapore. Thirteen studies evaluated tubal anastomosis, and eleven evaluated vasectomy reversal. Most studies reported lower total costs for sterilization reversal than for assisted reproductive technologies, with comparable outcomes. Vasectomy reversal was preferred for male patients irrespective of the female partner's age, whereas tubal anastomosis was preferred for female patients aged 40 years or younger. For older patients, assisted reproductive technologies were more cost-effective. Tubal anastomosis and vasectomy reversal may be economically advantageous compared with assisted reproductive technologies for infertility due to prior sterilization. However, societal factors, including a country's socioeconomic context and policy feasibility, should be considered.