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Energy storage system (ESS) technology is still the logjam for the electric vehicle (EV) industry. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have attracted considerable attention in the EV industry owing to their high energy density, lifespan, nominal voltage, power density, and cost. In EVs, a smart battery management system (BMS) is one of the essential components; it not only measures the states of battery accurately, but also ensures safe operation and prolongs the battery life. The accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of a Li-ion battery is a very challenging task because the Li-ion battery is a highly time variant, non-linear, and complex electrochemical system. This paper explains the workings of a Li-ion battery, provides the main features of a smart BMS, and comprehensively reviews its SOC estimation methods. These SOC estimation methods have been classified into four main categories depending on their nature. A critical explanation, including their merits, limitations, and their estimation errors from other studies, is provided. Some recommendations depending on the development of technology are suggested to improve the online estimation.

Energy storage systems are essential in modern energy infrastructure, addressing efficiency, power quality, and reliability challenges in DC/AC power systems. Recognized for their indispensable role in ensuring grid stability and seamless integration with renewable energy sources. These storage systems prove crucial for aircraft, shipboard systems, and electric vehicles, addressing peak load demands economically while enhancing overall system reliability and efficiency. Recent advancements and research have focused on high-power storage technologies, including supercapacitors, superconducting magnetic energy storage, and flywheels, characterized by high-power density and rapid response, ideally suited for applications requiring rapid charging and discharging. Hybrid energy storage systems and multiple energy storage devices represent enhanced flexibility and resilience, making them increasingly attractive for diverse applications, including critical loads. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent technological advancements in high-power storage devices, including lithium-ion batteries, recognized for their high energy density. In addition, a summary of hybrid energy storage system applications in microgrids and scenarios involving critical and pulse loads is provided. The research further discusses power, energy, cost, life, and performance technologies.

Numerous reviews on hydrogen storage have previously been published. However, most of these reviews deal either exclusively with storage materials or the global hydrogen economy. This paper presents a review of hydrogen storage systems that are relevant for mobility applications. The ideal storage medium should allow high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, quick uptake and release of fuel, operation at room temperatures and atmospheric pressure, safe use, and balanced cost-effectiveness. All current hydrogen storage technologies have significant drawbacks, including complex thermal management systems, boil-off, poor efficiency, expensive catalysts, stability issues, slow response rates, high operating pressures, low energy densities, and risks of violent and uncontrolled spontaneous reactions. While not perfect, the current leading industry standard of compressed hydrogen offers a functional solution and demonstrates a storage option for mobility compared to other technologies.

The increased usage of renewable energy sources (RESs) and the intermittent nature of the power they provide lead to several issues related to stability, reliability, and power quality. In such instances, energy storage systems (ESSs) offer a promising solution to such related RES issues. Hence, several ESS techniques were proposed in the literature to solve these issues; however, a single ESS does not fulfill all the requirements for certain operations and has different tradeoffs for overall system performance. This is mainly due to the limited capability of a single ESS and the potency concerning cost, lifespan, power and energy density, and dynamic response. In order to overcome the tradeoff issue resulting from using a single ESS system, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of two or more ESSs appears as an effective solution. Many studies have been considered lately to develop and propose different HESSs for different applications showing the great advantages of using multiple ESSs in one combined system. Although these individual methods have been well documented, a comprehensive review of HESS-integrated RE has not been fully investigated in the literature before. Thus, as a novel contribution to the literature, this study aims to review and analyze the importance and impact of HESSs in the presence of renewable energy towards sustainable development that will facilitate this newly emerging topic to researchers in this field. In this regard, the present scenario and recent trend of HESSs in RESs at the global level, including a comparison with main ESS features, are discussed and analyzed along with the concept, design, classifications, and a detailed comparison of HESSs. The emerging role of HESSs in terms of their benefits and applications has been analyzed. Recent control and optimization methods of HESSs associated with RESs and their advantages and disadvantages have been reviewed. Finally, open issues and new challenges toward more efficient, sustainable, and green energy have also been highlighted herein. All the highlighted insights of this review will hopefully lead to increased efforts toward the development of an advanced HESS for future renewable energy optimal operation.

Energy storage is one of the key means for improving the flexibility, economy and security of power system. It is also important in promoting new energy consumption and the energy Internet. Therefore, energy storage is expected to support distributed power and the micro-grid, promote open sharing and flexible trading of energy production and consumption, and realize multi-functional coordination. In recent years, with the rapid development of the battery energy storage industry, its technology has shown the characteristics and trends for large-scale integration and distributed applications with multi-objective collaboration. As a grid-level application, energy management systems (EMS) of a battery energy storage system (BESS) were deployed in real time at utility control centers as an important component of power grid management. Based on the analysis of the development status of a BESS, this paper introduced application scenarios, such as reduction of power output fluctuations, agreement to the output plan at the renewable energy generation side, power grid frequency adjustment, power flow optimization at the power transmission side, and a distributed and mobile energy storage system at the power distribution side. The studies and application status of a BESS in recent years were reviewed. The energy management, operation control methods, and application scenes of large-scale BESSs were also examined in the study.

HighlightsThe advances of electrode materials, energy storage mechanisms, electrolytes and applications for Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) are comprehensively summarized.Recent progresses in ZHSCs are discussed by categorizing into two configurations of Zn//Cap and Cap//ZBC.Future opportunities and challenges for the development of ZHSCs are also elaborated.As a new generation of Zn-ion storage systems, Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) garner tremendous interests recently from researchers due to the perfect integration of batteries and supercapacitors. ZHSCs have excellent integration of high energy density and power density, which seamlessly bridges the gap between batteries and supercapacitors, becoming one of the most viable future options for large-scale equipment and portable electronic devices. However, the currently reported two configurations of ZHSCs and corresponding energy storage mechanisms still lack systematic analyses. Herein, this review will be prudently organized from the perspectives of design strategies, electrode configurations, energy storage mechanisms, recent advances in electrode materials, electrolyte behaviors and further applications (micro or flexible devices) of ZHSCs. The synthesis processes and electrochemical properties of well-designed Zn anodes, capacitor-type electrodes and novel Zn-ion battery-type cathodes are comprehensively discussed. Finally, a brief summary and outlook for the further development of ZHSCs are presented as well. This review will provide timely access for researchers to the recent works regarding ZHSCs.

The Filter-Based Method (FBM) is one of the most simple and effective approaches for energy management in hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) composed of batteries and supercapacitors (SC). The FBM has evolved from its conventional form in such a manner that more flexibility and functionalities have been added. A comparative study and analysis of the most recent and relevant proposals based on the FBM for HESS are provided in this paper. In this way, the improvements for this energy management system (EMS) are in the form of adaptive filters, rules, Fuzzy logic control, sharing coefficients, and additional control loops. It is shown how these enhancements seek to avoid the premature degradation of the storage devices that are caused by deep discharge, overcharge, and fast current variations in the case of batteries and overcharge in the SC case. Therefore, the enhancements are focused on keeping the battery and SC working within safe operational limits. This paper presents new comparisons regarding the SoC evolution in the storage devices, specifically how the SC SoC is used in the EMS to establish the power sharing. Numerical simulations are added to compare the performance of the different EMS structures. The analysis of the results shows the effectiveness of the FBM in achieving power allocation and how the latest proposed improvements help to add flexibility to HESS as well as to avoid premature degradation of the storage devices.

Energy storage systems (ESSs) are gaining a lot of interest due to the trend of increasing the use of renewable energies. This paper reviews the different ESSs in power systems, especially microgrids showing their essential role in enhancing the performance of electrical systems. Therefore, The ESSs classified into various technologies as a function of the energy storage form and the main relevant technical parameters. In this review paper, the most common classifications are presented, summarized, and compared according to their characteristics. A specific interest in electrochemical ESSs, especially battery energy storage systems, focusing on their classifications due to their importance in the residential sector. Besides that, the benefits and drawbacks of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries are discussed due to their significance. Finally, the environmental impact of these ESSs is discussed.

The integration of an energy storage system into an integrated energy system (IES) enhances renewable energy penetration while catering to diverse energy loads. In previous studies, the adoption of a battery energy storage (BES) system posed challenges related to installation capacity and capacity loss, impacting the technical and economic performance of the IES. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces a novel design incorporating a compressed CO2 energy storage (CCES) system into an IES. This integration mitigates the capacity loss issues associated with BES systems and offers advantages for configuring large-scale IESs. A mixed integer linear programming problem was formulated to optimize the configuration and operation of the IES. With an energy storage capacity of 267 MWh, the IES integrated with a CCES (IES–CCES) system incurred an investment cost of MUSD 161.9, slightly higher by MUSD 0.5 compared to the IES integrated with a BES (IES–BES) system. When not considering the capacity loss of the BES system, the annual operation cost of the IES–BES system was 0.5 MUSD lower than that of the IES–CCES system, amounting to MUSD 766.6. However, considering the capacity loss of the BES system, this study reveals that the operation cost of the IES–BES system surpassed that of the IES–CCES system beyond the sixth year. Over the 30-year lifespan of the IES, the total cost of the IES–CCES system was MUSD 4.4 lower than the minimum total cost of the IES–BES system.

Current power grid and market development, characterized by large growth of distributed energy sources in recent years, especially in Europa, are according energy storage systems an increasingly larger field of implementation. Existing storage technologies, e.g. pumped-storage power plants, have to be upgraded and extended by new but not yet commercially viable technologies (e.g. batteries or adiabatic compressed air energy storage) that meet expected demands. Optimal sizing of storage systems and technically and economically optimal operating strategies are the major challenges to the integration of such systems in the future smart grid. This paper surveys firstly the literature on the latest niche applications. Then, potential new use case and operating scenarios for energy storage systems in smart grids, which have been field tested, are presented and discussed and subsequently assessed technically and economically.