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Occupational structural transformation is a common pattern during the steady growth of GDP per capita in major economies worldwide.In recent years, there has been a decline in the employment share of goods occupation and an increase in service occupation within the Chinese manufacturing industry, presenting a trend of occupational structural transformation and rapid development of service-oriented manufacturing.It is an important driving force and typical performance of the high-end, intelligent, and green development of the manufacturing industry.As a strategic general technology which leads the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a new fundamental force to accelerate the occupational structural transformation and service-oriented manufacturing development in China.Thus, this paper establishes a dynamic general equilibrium model with AI technology and occupational heterogeneity, showing the endogenous mechanism of occupational structural transformation.We find that when AI technology is biased towards goods occupation, and the elasticity of substitution between goods occupation and service occupation is less than 1, then AI will drive the transformation of occupational structure from goods to service within the manufacturing sector, increase the proportion of service-oriented manufacturing, improve labor productivity of manufacturing relative to service and stabilize the real output share of manufacturing.Promoting deeper integration of different occupations, intensifying R&D in AI technology and reducing labor mobility barriers between occupations can effectively accelerate the occupational structural transformation and industrial structural upgrading.We use theoretical analysis and numerical simulation method to show the theoretical mechanism by which AI affects occupational structural transformation and industrial structural transformation from a macroeconomic perspective, and put forward policy implications on how to promote the service-oriented manufacturing development and accelerate the construction of modern industrial system through AI innovation.

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the validity of the contention that, over the past few decades, the public sphere has undergone a new structural transformation. To this end, the analysis focuses on Habermas’s recent inquiry into the causes and consequences of an allegedly ‘new’ or ‘further’ [erneuten] structural transformation of the political public sphere. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part considers the central arguments in support of the ‘new structural transformation of the public sphere’ thesis, shedding light on its historical, political, economic, technological, and sociological aspects. The second part offers some reflections on the most important limitations and shortcomings of Habermas’s account, especially with regard to key social developments in the early twenty-first century. The paper concludes by positing that, although the constitution of the contemporary public sphere is marked by major—and, in several respects, unprecedented—structural transformations, their significance should not be overstated, not least due to the enduring role of critical capacity in highly differentiated societies.

2D porous polymers have received great attention in many fields. Particularly, 2D porous polymers are considered as potential electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, the controllable synthesis of 2D porous polymers is not only faced with the difficulty in precisely controlling the reaction dynamics but is also challenged by the complex pore structure fabrication. In this paper, a swelling‐induced structural transformation strategy for the construction of 2D porous polypyrrole/MXene heterostructures (2D porous PPy/MXene) is proposed. The obtained 2D porous PPy/MXene samples own similar chemical compositions with adjusted pore structures (cylindrical mesostructure, spherical mesostructure, and spherical macrostructure), high specific surface areas (≈129–188 m2 g−1), and tunable pore sizes (≈7.8–52 nm). Due to the fast transport and diffusion of electrolytes and more electrode/electrolyte interface offered by cylindrical mesopores with high specific surface areas, the 2D porous PPy/MXene shows superior supercapacitor performances. This work sheds light on the effect of pore structures on supercapacitor performances of 2D porous polymers, and also provides clues for the fabrication of 2D porous polymers with tailorable pore structures as high‐performance energy storage materials. A novel swelling‐induced structural transformation strategy is employed to synthesize 2D porous polypyrrole/MXene heterostructures. The obtained samples own diversified pore structures, high specific surface areas, and tunable pore sizes. This work reveals the structure‐activity relationship of pore structures and electrochemical performances of 2D porous polymers, and provides a new slight for designing 2D porous polymers electrode with high electrochemical performances.

Objective: to find mechanisms of structural transformation of the Chinese economy in the context of demographic decline and population aging; to assess the potential of applying this experience to the Russian economic policy under similar challenges.Methods: The research uses the interdisciplinary approach that integrates methods of economic analysis, demography, and sustainable development research. The research also applies the systematic analysis of the official statistics of PRC and international organizations, the comparative analysis of the Chinese strategic documents (“Made in China 2025”, “Dual Circulation”), and a critical review of the scientific literature.Results: demographic decline was established to be the key systemic constraint that catalyzes the transition of China from an extensive growth model to an innovative one. The research specified strategic directions of this transformation: technological upgrade and movement up global value chains, large-scale investments in human capital, total automation and the green economy development. The inconsistency of the interim results was revealed: impressive advances in the high-tech sectors (renewable energy sources, electric vehicles) coexist with systemic risks (high debt burden, dominance of the public sector, weak domestic demand). The author proves that Russia should not directly copy Chinese measures, but borrow the strategic approach that recognizes the demographic challenge as an imperative for a long-term course towards building an innovative knowledge-based economy.Scientific novelty: the demographic factor was considered not as a background condition, but as the central determinant that exacerbates systemic imbalances and determines the choice of PRC’s development strategies. The research presents a comparative analysis of the applicability of the Chinese experience to Russia, with an emphasis on the fundamental differences between their political and economic models.Practical significance: the study results can be used by Russian public authorities in developing long-term strategies for economic development and demographic policy. The results are valuable for the expert and academic community dealing with the problems of structural transformation and adaptation to demographic changes.

A comprehensive study of the crystal structure and phase transition as a function of temperature and composition in Ni57−xMn21+xGa22 (x = 0, 2, 4, 5.5, 7, 8) (at. %) magnetic shape memory alloys was performed by a temperature-dependent synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique and transmission electron microscopy. A phase diagram of this Ni57−xMn21+xGa22 alloy system was constructed. The transition between coexisting multiple martensites with monoclinic and tetragonal structures during cooling was observed in the Ni51.5Mn26.5Ga22 (x = 5.5) alloy, and it was found that 5M + 7M multiple martensites coexist from 300 K to 160 K and that 5M + 7M + NM multiple martensites coexist between 150 K and 100 K. The magnetic-field-induced transformation from 7M martensite to NM martensite at 140 K where 5M + 7M + NM multiple martensites coexist before applying the magnetic field was observed by in situ neutron diffraction experiments. The present study is instructive for understanding the phase transition between coexisting multiple martensites under external fields and may shed light on the design of novel functional properties based on such phase transitions.

Purpose - Poverty alleviation has been a major theme of China's modernization process since the founding of New China. This paper points out that China's poverty alleviation process presents three stylized facts: \"Miraculous\" achievements of poverty alleviation have been made on a global scale; the poverty alleviation achievements mainly occurred in the high growth stage after reform and opening up; the poverty alleviation process is accompanied by the structural transformation of the urban-rural dual economy. Design/methodology/approach - Therefore, a logically consistent analytical framework should form among the structural transformation of the dual economy, economic growth and the achievements in poverty alleviation. In logical deduction, the structural transformation of the dual economy affects rural poverty alleviation through the effects of labor reallocation, agricultural productivity improvement, demographic change and fiscal resource allocation. Findings - The first two refer to economic growth, and the latter two are alleviation policies. The combination of economic growth and poverty alleviation policies is the main cause for poverty alleviation performance. China's empirical evidence can support the four effects by which the structural transformation of the dual economy affects poverty alleviation. Originality/value - China's socialist system and its economic system transformation after reform and opening up provide an institutional basis for the effects to come into play. After 2020, China's poverty alleviation strategies will enter the \"second-half\" phase, namely, the phase of solving the problems of relative poverty in urban and rural areas by adopting conventional methods and establishing long-term mechanisms. This requires the facilitation of the reconnection between poverty alleviation strategies and the structural transformation of the dual economy in terms of development ideas and policy directions.

Direct conversion of carbon dioxide to multicarbon products remains as a grand challenge in electrochemical CO₂ reduction. Various forms of oxidized copper have been demonstrated as electrocatalysts that still require large overpotentials. Here, we show that an ensemble of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) enables selective formation of C₂–C₃ products at low overpotentials. Densely packed Cu NP ensembles underwent structural transformation during electrolysis into electrocatalytically active cube-like particles intermixed with smaller nanoparticles. Ethylene, ethanol, and n-propanol are the major C₂–C₃ products with onset potential at −0.53 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) and C₂–C₃ faradaic efficiency (FE) reaching 50% at only −0.75 V. Thus, the catalyst exhibits selective generation of C₂–C₃ hydrocarbons and oxygenates at considerably lowered overpotentials in neutral pH aqueous media. In addition, this approach suggests new opportunities in realizing multicarbon product formation from CO₂, where the majority of efforts has been to use oxidized copper-based materials. Robust catalytic performance is demonstrated by 10 h of stable operation with C₂–C₃ current density 10 mA/cm² (at −0.75 V), rendering it attractive for solar-to-fuel applications. Tafel analysis suggests reductive CO coupling as a rate determining step for C₂ products, while n-propanol (C₃) production seems to have a discrete pathway.

To investigate the π-extension effect on an unusual negative-charged spin crossover (SCO) FeIII complex with a weak N2O4 first coordination sphere, we designed and synthesized a series of anionic FeIII complexes from a π-extended naphthalene derivative ligand. Acetonitrile-solvate tetramethylammonium (TMA) salt 1 exhibited an SCO conversion, while acetone-solvate TMA salt 2 was in a high-spin state. The crystal structural analysis for 2 revealed that two-leg ladder-like cation-anion arrays derived from π-stacking interactions between π-ligands of the FeIII complex anion and Coulomb interactions were found and the solvated acetone molecules were in one-dimensional channels between the cation-anion arrays. A desolvation-induced single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation to desolvate compound 2’ may be driven by Coulomb energy gain. Furthermore, the structural comparison between quasi-polymorphic compounds 1 and 2 revealed that the synergy between Coulomb and π-stacking interactions induces a significant distortion of coordination structure of 2.

We present a new multi-sector growth model that features nonhomothetic, constant elasticity of substitution preferences, and accommodates long-run demand and supply drivers of structural change for an arbitrary number of sectors. The model is consistent with the decline in agriculture, the hump-shaped evolution of manufacturing, and the rise of services over time. We estimate the demand system derived from the model using household-level data from the United States and India, as well as historical aggregatelevel panel data for 39 countries during the postwar period. The estimated model parsimoniously accounts for the broad patterns of sectoral reallocation observed among rich, miracle, and developing economies. Our estimates support the presence of strong nonhomotheticity across time, income levels, and countries. We find that income effects account for the bulk of the within-country evolution of sectoral reallocation.

The structural changes of cellulose in non-solvent liquid media can provide insights into the high-value utilization of cellulose. This study includes molecular dynamics simulations of 36-chain cellulose Iβ microfibril model (Iβ-MF) behavior in 16 non-solvent liquids with different polarities at room temperature using two carbohydrate force fields (CHARMM36, GLYCAM06). Iβ-MF in CHARMM36 retains more than 70% of the tg conformation in 16 liquids, and the retention of the tg conformation increased with decreasing liquid polarity. Liquid polarity can affect the hydroxymethyl conformation of cellulose, which is only an appearance, and the real driving force behind is the electrostatic interaction between liquid molecules and cellulose. Furthermore, changing the 1,4 electrostatic scaling factor of GLYCAM06 can effectively affect the structural convergence of Iβ-MF. The Iβ-MF forms an alternating layer structure in the gg/gt conformation in a medium to high polarity non-solvent liquid, while the model undergoes untwisting. Model untwisting is inextricably linked to the degree of alternate layer structure formation. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the molecular study of nanocellulose structures from an energy-structure-property perspective.