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Minimally invasive surgical robots have received widespread attention due to its numerous advantages. However, the lack of adequate perception capability remains a significant issue for the robots. In this work, a full‐range proximity‐tactile sensing module has been developed for safe operation of surgical robots, which performs multimodal fusion perception through ultrasonic sensor for long‐range proximity detection, capacitive sensor for close‐range proximity sensing, and triboelectric sensor for tactile sensing. In order for a minimum sensor size, the ultrasonic sensor is developed based on MEMS piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs), and the capacitive sensor and triboelectric sensor adopt common structures, which collaborate to achieve accurate proximity‐tactile perception. Additionally, a wireless vibration feedback wristband and digital‐twin interface are developed to provide multimodal feedback without interfering with operation. Experimental results demonstrates the safety enhancement for surgical robots by the perception and feedback system. Furthermore, the sensing module is applied in preliminary detection of subcutaneous abnormal tissues and the identification accuracy based on the ultrasound echoes and convolutional neural networks is 91.6%, which can provide an initial diagnostic reference. The full‐range proximity‐tactile sensor holds significant potential for enhancing the safety and detection capability of surgical robots, and promoting the intelligence of robot‐assisted minimally invasive surgery. A full‐range proximity‐tactile sensing module is developed for safe operation of surgical robots, which performs multimodal fusion perception through ultrasonic sensor for long‐range proximity detection, capacitive sensor for close‐range proximity sensing, and triboelectric sensor for tactile sensing. Meantime, the sensing module can be applied in preliminary detection of subcutaneous abnormal tissues, providing an initial diagnostic reference.

We report a Dirofilaria repens nematode infection in a woman in Italy who sought care for a fast-creeping lesion within her subcutaneous facial tissue. Dirofilariosis should be included in differential diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules or creeping lesions. This case highlights the need for controlling canine dirofilarioses to mitigate zoonotic risk.

Abstract Context Microscopic measurement of adipocyte size is the gold standard for determining adipose tissue (AT) quality. AT density on CT may also reflect adipocyte quality (lower density = poorer quality). Objective We used abdominal subcutaneous AT (SAT) specimens and CT scans to validate CT SAT density as a marker of SAT quality in adults living with HIV. Setting and Design Secondary data analysis from completed trial of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation (ACTG A5224s). CT abdominal SAT density was measured in HU. SAT specimens were digitally scanned for calculation of mean adipocyte area. Participants Participants had SAT biopsy and CT data at baseline (n = 54) and HIV-1 RNA <50 copies per milliliter on ART and biopsy or CT data at week 96 (n = 30). Outcome Measures Spearman correlations and linear regression models adjusting for participant characteristics examined associations between SAT density and adipocyte area. Results Baseline median age was 40 years, CD4+ T lymphocyte count 219 cells per cubic millimeter, and body mass index 26.0 kg/m2; 89% were male and 67% white. Median SAT area and density were 199 cm2 and −100 HU. Over 96 weeks, SAT area increased (+18%) and SAT density decreased (−3%). Mean SAT adipocyte area correlated with SAT density (P < 0.01) off and on ART after adjustment for SAT area, age, race, sex, CD4+ T lymphocyte count, and HIV-1 RNA. Conclusions CT SAT density correlates with biopsy-quantified SAT adipocyte size in adults with HIV on and off ART, suggesting that CT is a useful tool for noninvasive assessment of SAT quality. In adults living with HIV on and off antiretroviral therapy, CT subcutaneous fat density measurement reflects histologic adipocyte size and can be used as a noninvasive measure of adipocyte function.

Background: People with lipedema or Dercum’s disease (DD) can have a similar distribution of excess painful nodular subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), making them difficult to differentiate. Methods: Case series of 94 patients with DD, 160 with lipedema and 18 with both diagnoses (Lip+DD) from a single clinic in an academic medical center to improve identification and differentiation of these disorders by comparison of clinical findings, prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM2), hypermobility by the Beighton score and assessment of a marker of inflammation, Total complement activity (CH50). Results: Differences between groups were by Student’s t -test with α of 0.05. The Lipedema Group had significantly greater weight, body mass index (BMI), gynoid distributed nodular SAT and fibrotic and heavy tissue than the DD Group. Hypermobility was significantly higher in the Lipedema (58±0.5%) than DD Group (23±0.4%; P <0.0001). DM2 was significantly greater in the DD (16±0.2%; P =0.0007) than the Lipedema Group (6±0.2%). Average pain by an analog scale was significantly higher in the DD (6±2.5%) than the Lipedema Group (4±2.1%; P <0.0001). Fatigue and swelling were common in both groups. Easy bruising was more common in the Lipedema Group, whereas abdominal pain, shortness of breath, fibromyalgia, migraines and lipomas were more prevalent in the DD Group. The percentage of patients with elevated CH50 was significantly positive in both groups. Conclusions: The significantly lower prevalence of DM2 in people with lipedema compared with DD may be due to the greater amount of gynoid fat known to be protective against metabolic disorders. The high percentage of hypermobility in lipedema patients indicates that it may be a comorbid condition. The location of fat, high average daily pain, presence of lipomas and comorbid painful disorders in DD patients may help differentiate from lipedema.

Regional differences among adipose depots in capacities for fatty acid storage, susceptibility to hypoxia, and inflammation likely contribute to complications of obesity. We defined the properties of endothelial cells (EC) isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) biopsied in parallel from obese subjects. The architecture and properties of the fat tissue capillary network were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. CD34(+)/CD31(+) EC were isolated by immunoselection/depletion. Expression of chemokines, adhesion molecules, angiogenic factor receptors, as well as lipogenic and senescence-related genes were assayed by real-time PCR. Fat cell size and expression of hypoxia-dependent genes were determined in adipocytes from both fat depots. Hypoxia-related genes were more highly expressed in VAT than SAT adipocytes. VAT adipocytes were smaller than SAT adipocytes. Vascular density and EC abundance were higher in VAT. VAT-EC exhibited a marked angiogenic and inflammatory state with decreased expression of metabolism-related genes, including endothelial lipase, GPIHBP1, and PPAR gamma. VAT-EC had enhanced expression of the cellular senescence markers, IGFBP3 and γ-H2AX, and decreased expression of SIRT1. Exposure to VAT adipocytes caused more EC senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity than SAT adipocytes, an effect reduced in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) neutralizing antibodies. VAT-EC exhibit a more marked angiogenic and proinflammatory state than SAT-EC. This phenotype may be related to premature EC senescence. VAT-EC may contribute to hypoxia and inflammation in VAT.

Background Fibrous hamartoma of infancy(FHI) is a rare benign lesion most frequently occurring within the first year of life. So far, just over 200 cases have been reported in the English literature, in which the radiologic findings of FHI have not been fully described. Herein, 2 adult cases of FHI receiving treatment in our hospital and the published cases searched on PubMed are reviewed, with the emphasis on the discussion of the spectrum of MR findings and their histologic correlation. Case presentation We present two adult cases who aged 47 years and 19 years with slow growing masses beginning from their childhood in the posterior craniocervical area. On CT and MR imaging, the tumours showed as the superficially located lesions with ill-defined margins that involved the subcutaneous layer and its underlying muscles. The size of the lesions were 21.3 × 16.7 × 16 cm in case 1 and 20.2 × 19.3 × 13.6 cm in case 2. The tumours demonstrated heterogeneous intensities/signals with the adipose tissue presenting as the disperse strands or small focus of fatty intensity/signal. Parallel or whirling appearance, and dilated vessels were delineated in the cases. Contrast enhancement was administered in case 1 and marked enhancement was found. Conclusions The usually observed manifestation of FHI on CT and/or MR imaging is the strands of adipose/fibrous intensities traversing the lesions, with the characteristic parallel or whirling appearance in some cases. The tumours with ill-defined margins have the tendency to involve the underlying muscles. Some fibroblastic and adipocytic tumours should be ruled out in differential diagnosis.

Alveolar and cystic echinococcoses (AE and CE) are parasitic zoonoses, mainly affecting the liver. Primary extrahepatic localizations remain rare and are difficult to diagnose. We report two cases of primary subcutaneous echinococcosis and the largest literature review on the subject. The first case is an alveolar echinococcosis located in the forehead region and the second a cystic echinococcosis in the abdominal wall. To our knowledge, a primary AE location in the face has never been described before. Pre-surgical diagnosis was not made in these two cases. However, it is essential to apply specific measures, depending on the type of echinococcosis (AE or CE), to prevent parasitic dissemination and recurrence. In view of the cases presented here, prolonged albendazole can be a second-line alternative to a surgical strategy. Echinococcosis should be kept in mind for differential diagnosis of soft tissue lesions in any part of the body.

Background Infantile myofibromatosis is a rare benign mesenchymal disorder characterized by the proliferation of myofibroblasts, representing the most common fibrous tumor of infancy and early childhood. Solitary infantile myofibromatosis is the most common variant, typically presenting as a firm, painless dermal or subcutaneous mass. This case is notable for the early prenatal detection of multiple subcutaneous lesions, initially presumed to be lymphangiomas, but later confirmed as infantile myofibromatosis postnatally. The diagnostic challenge highlights the importance of prenatal imaging and histopathological confirmation for accurate diagnosis and management. Case presentation An Iranian male preterm neonate, born at 34 weeks of gestation, was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit due to prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple subcutaneous masses. Prenatal imaging at 34 weeks identified multiple cystic subcutaneous lesions, leading to a provisional diagnosis of lymphangiomas. Postnatal examination exhibited multiple firm, well-circumscribed subcutaneous nodules over the trunk, back, abdomen, periauricular region, and right thigh. Ultrasonography showed well-defined hypoechoic lesions with some demonstrating necrotic centers. Differential diagnoses included neonatal myofibromatosis, infantile rhabdomyosarcoma, and soft-tissue metastases. The neonate underwent surgical excision of a thoracic lesion, and histopathological examination with immunohistochemistry confirmed infantile myofibromatosis. The patient was discharged in stable condition, with parental counseling on prognosis and follow-up. At 1-year follow-up, no new lesions or morphological progression were noted, and some previously visualized lesions showed regression. Conclusions This case highlights the importance of prenatal imaging—particularly fetal magnetic resonance imaging—in the identification of soft-tissue lesions and guiding postnatal evaluation. It highlights the necessity of histopathological confirmation for distinguishing infantile myofibromatosis from other neonatal soft-tissue tumors. Given the potential for spontaneous regression, a conservative, individualized management approach is recommended, avoiding unnecessary interventions while ensuring appropriate follow-up.

Many surgeons participate in the management of superficial soft tissue masses, and a preoperative incorrect diagnosis frequently results in dismal oncological outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify distinguishing magnetic resonance imaging features between malignant and non-malignant lesions. The clinicopathological data for 219 patients (men 114; women 105) with superficial soft tissue masses treated from January 2007 to December 2016 in our institution were retrospectively analyzed. The median age at the first visit was 55.6 years (range 1-90 years). MRI findings of tumor size, margin, lobulation, intratumoral hemorrhage, peritumoral edema, and tumor-fascia relationship were compared with the final histological diagnosis and tumor grade. Univariate analysis revealed significant relationships between histologically malignant lesions and tumor size ≥5 cm (p = 0.035), positive peritumoral edema (p = 0.031), and tumor-fascia relationship (p<0.001), but not margin (p = 0.107), lobulation (p = 0.071), and intratumoral hemorrhage (p = 0.17). In addition, using multivariate analysis, the tumor-fascia relationship (p<0.001) and tumor size were significant factors. A significant correlation between tumor-fascia relationship and malignancy (p<0.001) was observed; such a relationship was, however, not observed for tumor grade (p = 0.43). Tumors measuring ≥5 cm and the tumor-fascia relationship on magnetic resonance imaging are highly indicative of malignancy. When superficial soft tissue masses cross the superficial fascia and form obtuse angles with the fascia, sarcoma should be considered. The tumor-fascia relationship can offer surgeons useful information regarding the status of superficial soft tissue masses.

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are hematopoietic neoplasms composed of mast cells. It is highly common in dogs and is extremely important in the veterinary oncology field. It represents the third most common tumor subtype, and is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs, corresponding to 11% of skin cancer cases. The objective of this critical review was to present the report of the 2nd Consensus meeting on the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors, which was organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET) in August 2021. The most recent information on cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs is presented and discussed.