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About one hundred years ago, Dykes noticed an innovative feature in Iris, a raised central ridge along the midvein of the sepal, that he called a crest. Molecular phylogenetic and ancestral state reconstruction studies suggested that the sepal crest is a homoplastic character, even though the majority of the crested species form a monophyletic group. We investigated the putative multiple origins of sepal crests in Iris and relationships among crested species via comprehensive sampling of crested species in Iris using five plastid markers. We employed maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference in reconstructing relationships. Our data analyses resolved a large core-crested clade along with four other independent lineages that also have crested species. Within the core-crested clade, four highly supported major clades were identified comprising species from subgen. Nepalensis and Scorpiris and some species from subgenus Limniris section Lophiris sensu Mathew. However, relationships among these four major clades were not fully resolved. Six species from section Lophiris represent four additional origins of the sepal crest.

The subgenus Rhizirideum in the genus Allium consists of 38 species worldwide and forms five sections ( A . sect. Rhizomatosa, A . sect. Tenuissima, A . sect. Rhizirideum, A . sect. Eduardia, and A . sect. Caespitosoprason ), A . sect. Caespitosoprason being merged into A . sect. Rhizomatosa recently. Previous studies on this subgenus mainly focused on separate sections. To investigate the inter-section and inter-subgenera phylogenetic relationships and adaptive evolution of A . subg. Rhizirideum , we selected thirteen representative species, which cover five sections of this subgenus and can represent four typical phenotypes of it. We conducted the comparative plastome analysis with our thirteen plastomes. And phylogenetic inferences with CDSs and complete sequences of plastomes of our thirteen species and another fifty-four related species were also performed. As a result, the A . subg. Rhizirideum plastomes were relatively conservative in structure, IR/SC borders, codon usage, and repeat sequence. In phylogenetic results, the inter-subgenera relationships among A . subg. Rhizirideum and other genus Allium subgenera were generally similar to the previous reports. In contrast, the inter-section relationships within our subgenus A . subg. Rhizirideum were newly resolved in this study. A . sect. Rhizomatosa and A . sect. Tenuissima were sister branches, which were then clustered with A . sect. Rhizirideum and A . sect. Eduardia successively. However, Allium Polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel , type species of A . sect. Caespitosoprason , was resolved as the basal taxon of A . subg. Rhizirideum . Allium siphonanthum J. M. Xu was also found in clade A . subg. Cyathophora instead of clade A . subg. Rhizirideum . The selective pressure analysis was also conducted, and most protein-coding genes were under purifying selection. At the same time, just one gene, ycf2 , was found under positive selection, and another three genes ( rbcL , ycf1a , ycf1b ) presented relaxed selection, which were all involved in the photosynthesis. The low temperature, dry climate, and high altitude of the extreme habitats where A . subg. Rhizirideum species grow might impose intense natural selection forces on their plastome genes for photosynthesis. In summary, our research provides new insights into the phylogeny and adaptive evolution of A . subg. Rhizirideum . Moreover, we suggest that the positions of the A. subg. Rhizirideum species A. polyrhizum and A. siphonanthum should be reconsidered.

A new subgenus and species of the braconid parasitoid of the tribe Centistini s. l. (Euphorinae), Centistoides (Palaeoides) magnioculus Belokobylskij, subgen. et sp. nov. , from late Eocene Danish amber are described and illustrated from one female. This is the first time the tribe of euphorine parasitoids is reliably documented in the fossil record. A key to all genera and subgenera of this suprageneric taxonomic group is compiled. The discussion about position of the genus Parasyrrhizus Brues, composition of the tribe Centistini s. l., and the composition of the Danish amber hymenopteran fauna are provided.

The genera and subgenera of the subtribe Aspilotina are reviewed. A new illustrated key to all accepted supraspecies taxa is provided. Grandilota Fischer, 2002, stat. nov. is proposed as subgenus of Aspilota Foerster, 1863. Carinthilota Fischer, 1975, syn. nov. is synonymised with Alitha Cameron, 1906, stat. nov. and the latter is treated as subgenus of Dinotrema Foerster, 1863; Eudinostigma Tobias, 1986, syn. nov. is considered a synonym of Dinotrema Foerster, 1863. Moreover, the new subgenus Pseudoprosapha subgen. nov. (type species: Dinostigma stenosoma van Achterberg, 1988) is described. Additionally, Synaldotrema Belokobylskij & Tobias, 2002, stat. nov. is treated as a separate genus. The following new combinations are proposed: Aspilota (Aspilota) ruficollis Stelfox & Graham, 1950, comb. nov. , Dinotrema (Alitha) lada (Belokobylskij, 1998), comb. nov. , D. (A.) longipennis (Cameron, 1906), comb. nov. , D. (A.) mavka (Belokobylskij, 1998), comb. nov. , D. (A.) parapsidalis (Fischer, 1975), comb. nov. , D. (A.) vechti (van Achterberg, 1988), comb. nov. , Dinotrema (Dinotrema) alox (van Achterberg, 1988), comb. nov. , D. (D.) entabeniense (Fischer, 2009), comb. nov. , D. (D.) latum (Chen & Wu, 1994), comb. nov. , D. (D.) planiceps (Fischer, Tormos & Pardo, 2006), comb. nov. , D. (D.) subpulvinatum (Fischer, 2009), comb. nov. , D. (Pseudoprosapha) stenosoma (van Achterberg, 1988), comb. nov. , D. (Synaldis) bienesae (Fischer, Tormos & Pardo, 2006), comb. nov. , D. (S.) fischeri (Tobias, 1986), comb. nov. , D. (S.) latistigma (Fischer, 1962), comb. nov ., D. (S.) planiceps (Fischer, Tormos & Pardo, 2006), comb. nov. , D. (Synaldis) cespitator (Belokobylskij, 2004), comb. nov. , D. (S.) perfidum (Fischer, 1970), comb. nov. , D. (S.) trematosum (Fischer, 1967), comb. nov. and Panerema fulvicornis (Haliday, 1838), comb. nov.

We propose a taxonomic revision of the dixenous trypanosomatids currently classified as Endotrypanum and Leishmania, including parasites that do not fall within the subgenera L. (Leishmania) and L. (Viannia) related to human leishmaniasis or L. (Sauroleishmania) formed by leishmanias of lizards: L. colombiensis, L. equatorensis, L. herreri, L. hertigi, L. deanei, L. enriettii and L. martiniquensis. The comparison of these species with newly characterized isolates from sloths, porcupines and phlebotomines from central and South America unveiled new genera and subgenera supported by past (RNA PolII gene) and present (V7V8 SSU rRNA, Hsp70 and gGAPDH) phylogenetic analyses of the organisms. The genus Endotrypanum is restricted to Central and South America, comprising isolates from sloths and transmitted by phlebotomines that sporadically infect humans. This genus is the closest to the new genus Porcisia proposed to accommodate the Neotropical porcupine parasites originally described as L. hertigi and L. deanei. A new subgenus Leishmania (Mundinia) is created for the L. enriettii complex that includes L. martiniquensis. The new genus Zelonia harbours trypanosomatids from Neotropical hemipterans placed at the edge of the Leishmania–Endotrypanum-Porcisia clade. Finally, attention is drawn to the status of L. siamensis and L. australiensis as nomem nudums.

Two new mushroom species from Southwest China, Pholiota cylindrospora and P. subterrestris , are described in this study. Pholiota cylindrospora is characterized by its dry pileus with slightly recurved and triangular scales, cylindrical basidiospores, and two types of pleurocystidia—leptocystidia and chrysocystidia—as well as its growth on soil. Pholiota subterrestris is identified by a brownish-orange pileus with numerous brown fibrillose scales; pale brown lamellae with even edges; a stipe covered with recurved fibrillose scales; elliptical spores with a distinct but small germ pore; and pleurocystidia containing typical amorphous refractive inclusions of chrysocystidia. Both species are described and illustrated, and a phylogenetic analysis of a multigene dataset (ITS + 28S) is presented. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses confirm that P. cylindrospora and P. subterrestris are distinct from the other Pholiota species, and both belong to the subgenus Pholiota. A key to the species of subgenus Pholiota from China is provided.

is one of the most threatened plant species in Romania. The current distribution of this species is very fragmented, and the population size has been reduced in the last 30 years. Information on the habitat preferences of the species has not been summarized yet. In this context, this study aimed to identify the habitat preferences of the species in Romania. The study was carried out in the NE (Moldova) and SE (Muntenia) regions of Romania. For the vegetation analysis, a total of 46 relevés were used. To classify the vegetation, we applied the hierarchical agglomerative clustering method, using the ß-flexible algorithm with ß = -0.25 and the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. The data were represented as mean percentage values, according to the the Braun-Blanquet scale . Relationships between floristic composition and environmental variables were analyzed with Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The vegetation analysis showed that grows in xerophilous, mesophilous and halophilous grasslands and ash-alpine alluvial forests. The species occurs in the communities of the alliance, of the order, mainly. The results of the CCA analysis indicate that the variation of the floristic composition of is influenced by the annual mean temperature (BIO1).

Dalea verticillata is described and illustrated as a new species from Oaxaca, Mexico. Dalea verticillata is similar to D. filiciformis , but it is distinguished by having whorled leaves (vs. alternate in D. filiciformis ), with a greater number of leaflets ((31–)39–63(–69) vs. (11–)13–29(–37)), longer stipules (4.5–8 mm vs. 0.3–1.5 mm), reflexed (vs. ascending), persistent (vs. deciduous), terminal panicle inflorescences (vs. axillary racemes), and the wing petals subelliptic (vs. ovate). This is the second species of the hitherto monospecific subgenus Psoropteris , and the whorled-leaf character is recorded for the first time in the genus Dalea .

The taxonomic problems associated with the validity of the subgeneric names in the genus Omocestus I. Bolívar, 1878 are discussed. The subgeneric names Haplomocestus Tarbinsky, 1940 and Dreuxius Defaut, 1988 proposed after 1930 are unavailable, according to Articles 13.1 and 13.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). Here the genus is divided into three subgenera, namely Omocestus s. str. [type species Omocestus viridulus (Linnaeus, 1758), by subsequent designation (Kirby, 1910)], Dirshius Harz, 1975, stat. resurr. [type species Omocestus haemorrhoidalis (Charpentier, 1825), by original designation], and Tarbinskius subgen. n. [type species Omocestus bolivari Chopard, 1939, designated here]. A brief diagnosis and the species composition are given for each subgenus.

The tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019 consists of only two genera, Choriphyllum Serville, 1838 and Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902b, combining leaf-like Caribbean wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Tetrigidae, Cladonotinae). The genus Choriphyllum has four species, C. bahamense Perez-Gelabert & Otte, 1999 from the Bahamas (Hummingbird Cay Island), and C. sagrai Serville, 1838, C. saussurei Bolívar, 1887 and C. wallaceum Skejo, Kasalo & Yong, sp. nov. from Cuba. The gender of C. bahamensis is changed to C. bahamense in order to match the grammatical gender of the genus, which is neuter. Silva’s designation of C. sagrai , the type species of Choriphyllum , as nomen dubium in 2019 was incorrect as Serville’s drawing clearly points to this species, endemic to Cuba, so nothing about its identity is doubtful. The genus Phyllotettix is endemic to Jamaica, where four species live: P. rhombeus (Felton, 1765), P. foliatus (Hancock, 1902a), P. compressus (Thunberg, 1815) and P. plagiatus (Walker, 1871), comb. nov. of Choriphyllum plagiatum . Choriphyllum westwoodi Hancock, 1902a, syn. nov. is synonymous with Phyllotettix rhombeus and not with P. compressus . A new subgenus is established, Phyllotettix (Rhombotettix) subgen. nov. for P. (R.) plagiatus comb. nov. and P. (R.) rhombeus. A new species complex, Phyllotettix (compressus) sp. complex nov. is established for two morphologically close species, P. compressus , and P. foliatus ; while another new species complex, Choriphyllum (sagrai) sp. complex nov. includes C. sagrai and C. wallaceum sp. nov. An annotated key to genera, subgenera, species groups and species is provided.