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The contemporary practice of homeownership in the United States was born out of government programs adopted during the New Deal. The Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)—and later the Federal Housing Administration and GI Bill—expanded home buying opportunity, although in segregationist fashion. Through mechanisms such as redlining, these policies fueled white suburbanization and black ghettoization, while laying the foundation for the racial wealth gap. This is the first article to investigate the long-term consequences of these policies on the segregation of cities. I combine a full century of census data with archival data to show that cities HOLC appraised became more segregated than those it ignored. The gap emerged between 1930 and 1950 and remains significant: in 2010, the black-white dissimilarity, black isolation, and white-black information theory indices are 12, 16, and 8 points higher in appraised cities, respectively. Results are consistent across a range of robustness checks, including exploitation of imperfect implementation of appraisal guidelines and geographic spillover. These results contribute to current theoretical discussions about the persistence of segregation. The long-term impact of these policies is a reminder of the intentionality that shaped racial geography in the United States, and the scale of intervention that will be required to disrupt the persistence of segregation.

This paper argues that contemporary processes of extended urbanisation, which include suburbanisation, post-suburbanisation and peri-urbanisation, may result in increased vulnerability to infectious disease spread. Through a review of existing literature at the nexus of urbanisation and infectious disease, we consider how this (potential) increased vulnerability to infectious diseases in peri– or suburban areas is in fact dialectically related to socio-material transformations on the metropolitan edge. In particular, we highlight three key factors influencing the spread of infectious disease that have been identified in the literature: demographic change, infrastructure and governance. These have been chosen given both the prominence of these themes and their role in shaping the spread of disease on the urban edge. Further, we suggest how a landscape political ecology framework can be useful for examining the role of socioecological transformations in generating increased risk of infectious disease in peri–and suburban areas. To illustrate our arguments we will draw upon examples from various re-emerging infectious disease events and outbreaks around the world to reveal how extended urbanisation in the broadest sense has amplified the conditions necessary for the spread of infectious diseases. We thus call for future research on the spatialities of health and disease to pay attention to how variegated patterns of extended urbanisation may influence possible outbreaks and the mechanisms through which such risks can be alleviated. 本文认为，当代的扩展城市化进程，包括郊区化、后郊区化和周边城市化，可能会导致传染病传播方面脆弱性的增加。通过回顾现有的关于城市化和传染病之间关系的文献，我们研究这种（潜在的 ）周边或郊区传染病脆弱性的增加与大都市边缘的社会物质转变之间是如何辩证相关的。特别是，我们强调了文献中确定的影响传染病传播的三个关键因素：人口变化、基础设施和治理。鉴于这些主题的突出性及其在城市边缘疾病传播中的作用，我们选择了这些主题。此外，我们提出了景观政治生态框架在研究社会生态转变对周边和郊区传染病风险增高的影响方面的作用。为了说明我们的论点，我们将使用世界各地各种重新出现的传染病事件和爆发的例子，揭示了最广以上的城市化扩展如何扩大了传染病传播的必要条件。因此，我们呼吁，在未来对健康和疾病的空间关系的研究中，应关注各种不同的扩展城市化模式对疾病爆发风险的影响，以及减轻这种风险的机制。

In post-socialist countries, in recent years, scientific debate has focused on extensive and uncoordinated suburbanization, which has led to fragmented settlement expansion into rural areas increasingly distant from the core city. Although suburbanization in this part of Europe has intensified, its dynamics have become increasingly differentiated within individual urban regions. The aim of this paper is to determine the dynamics of suburbanization across the entire Warsaw Metropolitan Area and within its internal structure, as well as to identify the probable causes and consequences of the observed changes in the scale of the analyzed processes. It verifies the hypothesis that since the mid-1990s, the initially more extensive spreading of the population in rural areas of Warsaw region has gradually shifted toward greater concentration in a limited number of municipalities. In this study, the k-means classification method was applied. The findings confirmed that the majority of the WMA municipalities remained demographically active throughout the entire study period, however, a more extensive pattern of suburbanization, characterized by smaller differences between units of analysis, is shifting toward a more concentrated form. The most significant turning points that accelerated the change in the character of suburbanization towards greater selectivity were the 2009 economic crisis and the pandemic.

American cities today are simultaneously the same and different from Wilson’s classic portrayal in The Truly Disadvantaged ([1987] 2012), first published over 30 years ago. Concentrated poverty and racial segregation endure, as do racial gaps in multiple aspects of wellbeing. But mass incarceration, the dramatic drop in violent crime, immigration, rising income segregation, the suburbanisation of poverty, and other macrosocial trends have transformed the urban scene. The paradoxical result is that cities today are both better and worse off. In this paper, I put forth a unifying framework on persistence and change in urban inequality, highlighting a theory of neighbourhood effects and the higher-order structure of the contemporary metropolis. I apply this analytic framework to examine: (1) neighbourhood inequality as an important driver and mediator of urban transformation; (2) racial disparities across the life course in compounded deprivation, poisoned development, and intergenerational mobility; and (3) how everyday spatial mobility beyond the local neighbourhood is producing new forms of social isolation and higher-order segregation. I conclude with a challenge to dominant policy perspectives on urban racial inequality. 今天的美国城市与威尔逊在30多年前首次出版的《真正的穷人》（[1987] 2012）中的经典写照既不同，又有相同之处。集中的贫困和种族隔离持续存在，人民福祉的多个方面存在种族差距。但是大规模监禁、暴力犯罪的急剧下降、移民、收入隔离的增加、贫困的郊区化以及其他宏观社会趋势已经改变了城市的现状。矛盾的结果是，今天的城市既变得更好，又变得更坏。在本文中，我提出了一个关于城市不平等的持续性和变化的统一框架，强调了社区效应理论和当代大都市的高阶结构。我运用这个分析框架来研究：（1）街区不平等作为城市转型的重要驱动力和中介；（2）整个生命过程中的种族差异（体现为复合剥夺、被毒害的发展和代际流动性）；以及（3）超越本地社区的日常空间流动如何产生新形式的社会隔离和高阶隔离。最后，我对城市种族不平等的主导政策观点提出了挑战。

Large cities and metropolitan areas are being transformed by different migratory and economic processes and also, in a relevant way, by residential mobility. This study focuses on the latter, analyzing profiles of the participants in centralization and suburbanization movements in Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville and Bilbao, based on data from the 2011 census. Using binomial logistic regression models, we have measured a greater tendency to seek out urban centers of middle classes, educated population and people living in non-traditional households. At the same time, there is a growing suburbanization of young, working-class people involved in family projects. The combination of both movements (which could be individually seen as examples of social mix) is causing an increase in urban segregation, now on a metropolitan scale.

This classic work chronicles how New York, London, and Tokyo became command centers for the global economy and in the process underwent a series of massive and parallel changes. What distinguishes Sassen's theoretical framework is the emphasis on the formation of cross-border dynamics through which these cities and the growing number of other global cities begin to form strategic transnational networks. All the core data in this new edition have been updated, while the preface and epilogue discuss the relevant trends in globalization since the book originally came out in 1991.

Land-use change is a human process aimed at transforming the natural landscape and emphasizing the role and function of land for socio-economic activities. However, we do not know how the land transition in Vietnam has been proceeding recently. Thus, this article aims to examine the current urbanization process of land conversion in Vietnam. To explore the current situation and recent change of land use, the author analyzed standardized databases and maps from reports of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Vietnam (MoNRE), the General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO), and the land cover map of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Research results show that the land transition in Vietnam has been similar to the world trend. The highest land conversion rate occurs in the North Central and Central Coast regions, but conversion of agricultural land for urbanization is mainly in the Red River Delta and Southeast. The study also noted some negative socio-economic impacts of land conversion on the lives of suburban residents.

This study explores the optimal subsidy policy to maximize the benefits associated with the suburbanization of university campuses. A transport accessibility index is introduced, and a model is developed to analyze faculty housing relocation, incorporating factors such as transport accessibility, housing price, relocation subsidy, and the influence of children. The impact of housing relocation is assessed using a regional output model that considers both production and consumption aspects. Subsequently, a decision-making model is established to determine the optimal subsidy level and the number of faculty to relocate, with the overarching goal of maximizing total regional benefits. The findings reveal that an increase in subsidies correlates with a rise in the willingness of faculty to relocate, leading to heightened benefits for the region. However, the rate of benefit increase shows diminishing returns with each increment change in the subsidy. Notably, the study demonstrates that 70% of the additional benefits to the region emanate from the housing market, accurately reflecting the current financial landscape in China. This insight underscores why city governments frequently leverage land markets to actively promote suburbanization.