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What are corporations, and to whom are they responsible? Anthropologist Marina Welker draws on two years of research at Newmont Mining Corporation’s Denver headquarters and its Batu Hijau copper and gold mine in Sumbawa, Indonesia, to address these questions. Against the backdrop of an emerging Corporate Social Responsibility movement and changing state dynamics in Indonesia, she shows how people enact the mining corporation in multiple ways: as an ore producer, employer, patron, promoter of sustainable development, religious sponsor, auditable organization, foreign imperialist, and environmental threat. Rather than assuming that corporations are monolithic, profit-maximizing subjects, Welker turns to anthropological theories of personhood to develop an analytic model of the corporation as an unstable collective subject with multiple authors, boundaries, and interests. Enacting the Corporation demonstrates that corporations are constituted through continuous struggles over relations with—and responsibilities to—local communities, workers, activists, governments, contractors, and shareholders.

Objective: This study is to investigate the concept of gum arabic (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.) as microencapsulation for traditional healthy food modified with the concept of powder drying with that derived from fermented Sumbawa mare’s milk with the concept of improving the integrity of healthy processed food products. Materials and Methods: The use of gum arabic (Acaccia senegal (L.) Willd.) as a microencapsulant of Sumbawa mare’s milk powder with treatments (T1: 20%, T2: 24%, T3: 28%, and T4: 32%). Fermented Sumbawa mare’s milk samples were dried using the oven vacuum foam drying method with gum arabic binder at 70°C for 420 min. Evaluation of product test results by analyzing antibacterial, antioxidant, Escherichia coli concentration, protein content, and microstructure. Results: Based on the treatment of the results of the research, it has been significant (p < 0.01) that Sumbawa mare’s milk powder with the use of gum arabic as a microencapsulant known antibacterial test (Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393:4.56 mm, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633:7.36 mm, E. coli ATCC 25922:12.25 mm, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442:12.2 mm), as well as an antioxidant test, which has a value of (46.13 ± 0.73c), microstructure, and protein content using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis, which is reinforced with health pharmaceutical information with literature studies. The E. coli test (food quality test) had a value of 0 CFU/gm, with the results shown in treatment T4 (32%). Conclusion: The use of gum Arabic as a natural additive microencapsulant can be promising in the production of Sumbawa mare’s milk powder. The results obtained have a significant effect on increasing protection and reducing the risk of unwanted pathogenic microbacterial contamination, can reduce antioxidant levels, and provide knowledge for the general public in improving the quality and healthy nutrition of traditional foods.

This study aims to explore information and provide input related to developing industrial timber plantations in 21 villages in the KPH Batulanteh and KPH Ropang areas of Sumbawa Regency, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Analysis was conducted on aspects related to the HTI development program. Based on the results of this study, three crucial components are used as the basis for developing strategies to encourage HTI development in the study area. These components include the situation, structure, and role of the parties, with three technical approaches in optimizing HTI development activities from the socio-economic perspective of the local community, such Social and Economic Approach, Institutional Approach, and Technological Approach in the form of technical procedures that can be used to carry out environmental management.

Abstract The growth hormone (GH) gene plays a vital role in regulating animal metabolism and body size, making it a potential candidate for influencing livestock performance. This study aimed to investigate the polymorphisms within the GH gene and their associations with 10 biometric traits in the Sumbawa cattle population of Indonesia. Biometric trait data and blood samples were collected from 112 Sumbawa cattle individuals, and their GH gene sequences were analyzed using two sets of primers for amplification. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the GH gene: g.442C>T, g.446G>C, g.558C>T, g.649C>A, g.1492C>A, g.1510C>A, and g.1578G>A. All SNPs were located in the intronic region except for SNP g.558C>T, which was found in the coding sequence (CDS) region. The SNP g.558C>T is classified as a synonymous variant. Haplotype analysis revealed a strong linkage disequilibrium between SNPs g.558C>T and g.649C>A. Distributions of genotypes and alleles of all SNPs were in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05, χ2 < 15.56), except for SNPs g.446G>C and g.1492C>A. The association study showed that the SNP g.442C>T significantly (p < 0.05) affected HL, BL, SH, and PH traits in Sumbawa cattle. Additionally, the g.446G>C and g.558C>T were also found to be associated with PH and CC traits, respectively. The polymorphisms detected in the GH gene could have implications for selection programs to enhance desired biometric traits in Sumbawa cattle. Improving livestock productivity can be done by understanding genetic diversity and its relationship with phenotypic characteristics. Resumo O gene do hormônio de crescimento (GH) desempenha um papel vital na regulação do metabolismo animal e do tamanho corporal, tornando-se um potencial candidato para influenciar o desempenho do gado. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os polimorfismos dentro do gene GH e suas associações com 10 características biométricas na população de gado Sumbawa da Indonésia. Dados de características biométricas e amostras de sangue foram coletados de 112 indivíduos de gado Sumbawa, e suas sequências genéticas do gene GH foram analisadas usando dois conjuntos de primers para amplificação. Sete polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) foram identificados no gene GH: g.442C>T, g.446G>C, g.558C>T, g.649C>A, g.1492C>A, g.1510C>A e g.1578G>A. Todos os SNPs estavam localizados na região intrônica, exceto o SNP g.558C>T, que foi encontrado na região da sequência de codificação (CDS). O SNP g.558C>T é classificado como uma variante sinônima. A análise de haplótipos revelou um forte desequilíbrio de ligação entre os SNPs g.558C>T e g.649C>A. As distribuições de genótipos e alelos de todos os SNPs estavam de acordo com o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (p > 0,05, χ2 < 15,56), exceto para os SNPs g.446G>C e g.1492C>A. O estudo de associação mostrou que o SNP g.442C>T afetou significativamente (p < 0,05) as características HL, BL, SH e PH no gado Sumbawa. Além disso, o g.446G>C e o g.558C>T também foram encontrados associados às características PH e CC, respectivamente. Os polimorfismos detectados no gene GH podem ter implicações para programas de seleção visando melhorar as características biométricas desejadas no gado Sumbawa. A melhoria da produtividade pecuária pode ser feita através da compreensão da diversidade genética e sua relação com as características fenotípicas.

This study aimed to explain the homeland and the migration process of the Sumbawa ethnic, Indonesia. Data were collected using documentation, interview, and observation methods, and data analysis used a top-down approach and a language comparison method (Proto- Austronesian and Prelanguage Sumbawa etymon to Sumbawanes dialects). Linguistic heterogeneity pointed to the area west of Sumbawa as the homeland. The area's phonological characteristics are notable for retaining the Sumbawa Prelanguage and Proto-Austronesian: ·i and ·u. This area also preserves linguistic forms that convey the meanings 'down', 'knee', 'blunt', and 'thin'. Migration from the homeland occurs in five phases, namely (1) a southward migration towards the Tongo area, (2) a northward migration towards the Taliwang and Sumbawa Besar areas, (3) a movement from the Tongo dialect center to its subdialect areas, (4) a movement from the homeland to the Jereweh dialect area, and each from the Sumbawa Besar dialect center and the Taliwang dialect to their subdialect areas, and (5) a movement from the Jereweh dialect center to its subdialect area. Overall, this study concluded that the Jereweh dialect area in western Sumbawa is the homeland of the Sumbawa ethnic group, with migration occurring in five stages.

Background The microbial composition of Sumbawa Horse Milk is influenced by various factors, including environmental elements that encompass geographical location, climate, and conditions specific to Sumbawa. This study aimed to determine the biodiversity and genetic diversity of the microbiome of Sumbawa Horse Milk, with an emphasis on yeast. Methods The diversity and group of yeast isolates were evaluated by the sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) method using ME2F-EM15R (1) and ME2F-EM12R (2) primers. Molecular identification using 18 S rRNA primers was then carried out on nine selected isolates (K_21, K_31, K_42, K_45, K_1, K_6, K_8, K_17, and K_19) to determine the type of yeast. Probiotic candidate tests were carried out on three isolates, namely K_1, K_6 and K_8. Results Analysis with NTSYS software on the SRAP results using Primer 1 revealed the presence of two major groups, where Group I was exclusively comprised of K_45 isolate, whereas the other isolates belonged to Group II. On the other hand, analysis with NTSYS software on the SRAP analysis with Primer 2 also showed two major groups with different compositions. Group I consisted of isolates K_39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 31, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, and 21, while the remaining isolates belonged to Group II. Results of 18 S rRNA analysis demonstrated that K_17 and K_19 had 99.8 and 100% similarity, respectively, and identified as Candida humilis . K_21, K_31, and K_45 were identified as having a 100% similarity to Clavispora lusitaniae , while K_42 had a 99.8% similarity to Candida parapsilosis . Three isolates were identified as belonging to the genus Ogataea, namely Ogataea polymorpha (K_6 and K_8) and Ogataea siamensis (K_1) with similarity of 100% and 99.8%, respectively. Conclusions These findings suggest that the three yeast have potential as probiotics.

Many cattle are kept in near garbage dump and eat waste product. The cattle will exposure free radical of lead. Sumbawa forest honey contains flavonoids as antioxidant that neutralize the excess free radicals in the body. This research aimed to examine the preventive potency of Sumbawa forest honey toward liver histopathology and AST-ALT level on rats induced by lead acetate. The subject research were rats Wistar, male and age 8-12 weeks. The rats divided in 5 different groups, those were negative control group; positive control group that exposed by lead acetate; and preventive therapy groups with Sumbawa forest honey dose of 25 mg/kgBW, 50 mg/kgBW and 75 mg/kgBW for 28 days and administered with lead acetate dose of 10 mg/day for 14 days. AST-ALT levels were measured by spectrophotometer then analyzed statistically by One Way ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). Liver histopathology was examined descriptively on HE stained. The result showed the forest honey Sumbawa dose 75 mg/kg BW was able to prevent ALT-AST elevation significantly (p<0.05) and reduced the injury of liver tissue on rats exposed lead. The conclusion was the Sumbawa forest honey can be used as a preventative to inhibit the liver injury because of Lead exposure.

All three genetic groups of ratHEV have been found in Indonesia, suggesting the presence of additional variants of ratHEV in unexamined areas of Indonesia. A total of 242 wild rats were captured in Bali and Sumbawa, Indonesia, during 2014-2016. Among them, 4.1% were seropositive for anti-ratHEV IgG and two (0.8%) had detectable ratHEV RNA: ratESUMBAWA-140L and ratEBali2016D-047L, sharing 84.9-85.4% and 86.9-92.1% nucleotide identity with the reported G2 strains, respectively. The provisional criteria supported the notion that the ratEBali2016D-047L and ratESUMBAWA-140L strains were novel G2 variants. These results suggested the spatial distribution of further divergent ratHEV strains in Indonesia.

Indonesia is exposed to earthquakes, volcanic activities, and associated tsunamis. This is particularly the case for Lombok and Sumbawa Islands in West Nusa Tenggara, where evidence of tsunamis is frequently observed in its coastal sedimentary record. If the 1815 CE Tambora eruption on Sumbawa Island generated a tsunami with well-identified traces on the surrounding islands, little is known about the consequences of the 1257 CE tremendous eruption of Samalas on the neighboring islands, and especially about the possible tsunamis generated in reason of a paucity of research on coastal sedimentary records in this area. However, on Lombok Island, the eruption of the Samalas volcano produced significant volumes of pyroclastic flows that entered the sea in the North and East of the island. These phenomena must have produced a tsunami that left their traces, especially on Sumbawa Island, whose western coastline is only 14 km away from Lombok’s eastern shore. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate, find evidence, and determine the age of marine-origin sediments along the shore of the Alas Strait, Indonesia. We collected and analyzed samples of coral and seashells from marine deposits identified along the west coast of Sumbawa, i.e., in Belang Island and abandoned fishponds in Kiantar Village, in order to identify the sources and the occurrence period of these deposits events. Based on the radiocarbon dating of coral and seashell samples, we concluded that none of the identified marine deposits along the western coast of Sumbawa could be related chronologically to the 1257 CE eruption of Samalas. However, possible tsunami deposits located in Belang Island and abandoned fishponds in Kiantar Village yielded 4th century CE, 9th century CE, and 17th century CE. We also conclude that past large earthquakes triggered these tsunamis since no known volcanic eruption occurred near the Alas Strait at that time that may have triggered a tsunami.