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Supercapacitors based on carbon or pseudocapacitive materials
\"Electrochemical capacitors are electrochemical energy storage devices able to quickly deliver or store large quantities of energy. They have stimulated numerous innovations throughout the last 20 years and are now implemented in many fields. Supercapacitors Based on Carbon or Pseudocapacitive Materials provides the scientific basis for a better understanding of the characteristics and performance of electrochemical capacitors based on electrochemical double layer electrodes or pseudocapacitive materials, as well as providing information on the design and conception of new devices such as lithium-ion capacitors. This book details the various applications of supercapacitors, ranging from power electronics and stationary use, to transportation (hybrid vehicles, trams, planes, etc.). They are increasingly used in the automotive sector, especially as part of stop/start systems that have allowed for energy recovery through braking and reduced fuel consumption.\"--Publisher description.
Book
A Comprehensive Review on Supercapacitor Applications and Developments
The storage of enormous energies is a significant challenge for electrical generation. Researchers have studied energy storage methods and increased efficiency for many years. In recent years, researchers have been exploring new materials and techniques to store more significant amounts of energy more efficiently. In particular, renewable energy sources and electric vehicle technologies are triggering these scientific studies. Scientists and manufacturers recently proposed the supercapacitor (SC) as an alternating or hybrid storage device. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of SC applications and their developments. Accordingly, a detailed literature review was first carried out. The historical results of SCs are revealed in this paper. The structure, working principle, and materials of SC are given in detail to be analysed more effectively. The advantages and disadvantages, market profile, and new technologies with manufacturer corporations are investigated to produce a techno-economic analysis of SCs. The electric vehicle, power systems, hybrid energy storage systems with integration of renewable energy sources, and other applications of SCs are investigated in this paper. Additionally, SC modelling design principles with charge and discharge tests are explored. Other components and their price to produce a compact module for high power density are also investigated.
Journal Article
A review on Supercapacitors: types and components
The importance of Super-capacitors (SCs) stems from their distinctive properties including long cycle life, high strength and environment friendly, they are sharing similar fundamental equations as the traditional capacitors; for attaining high capacitances SC using electrodes materials with thinner dielectrics and high specific surface area. In this review paper, all types of SCs were covered, depending on the energy storage mechanism; a brief overview of the materials and technologies used for SCs is presented. The major concentration is on materials like the metal oxides, carbon materials, conducting polymers along with their composites. The composites’ performance was examined via parameters like capacitance, energy, cyclic performance power and the rate capability also presents details regarding the electrolyte materials.
Journal Article
Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Advanced Metal-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors: A Step Towards More Sustainable Energy
Modern research has made the search for high-performance, sustainable, and efficient energy storage technologies a main focus, especially in light of the growing environmental and energy-demanding issues. This review paper focuses on the pivotal role of biomass-derived carbon (BDC) materials in the development of high-performance metal-ion hybrid supercapacitors (MIHSCs), specifically targeting sodium (Na)-, potassium (K)-, aluminium (Al)-, and zinc (Zn)-ion-based systems. Due to their widespread availability, renewable nature, and exceptional physicochemical properties, BDC materials are ideal for supercapacitor electrodes, which perfectly balance environmental sustainability and technological advancement. This paper delves into the synthesis, functionalization, and structural engineering of advanced biomass-based carbon materials, highlighting the strategies to enhance their electrochemical performance. It elaborates on the unique characteristics of these carbons, such as high specific surface area, tuneable porosity, and heteroatom doping, which are pivotal in achieving superior capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability in Na-, K-, Al-, and Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors. Furthermore, the compatibility of BDCs with metal-ion electrolytes and their role in facilitating ion transport and charge storage mechanisms are critically analysed. Novelty arises from a comprehensive comparison of these carbon materials across metal-ion systems, unveiling the synergistic effects of BDCs’ structural attributes on the performance of each supercapacitor type. This review also casts light on the current challenges, such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and performance consistency, offering insightful perspectives for future research. This review underscores the transformative potential of BDC materials in MIHSCs and paves the way for next-generation energy storage technologies that are both high-performing and ecologically friendly. It calls for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to explore these sustainable materials, thereby contributing to advancing green energy technologies.
Journal Article
One-step synthesized N-doped graphene-based electrode materials for supercapacitor applications
In this work, a novel one-step environmentally benign procedure for preparing nitrogen-doped graphene electrodes for high performance supercapacitors has been demonstrated for the first time, called Yucel’s method. N-doped graphene-based electrodes were synthesized in a short time, at room temperature, one step (no need for a second process for doping) and low-cost by the using of Yucel's method without harmful oxidizing and reducing chemicals. During the production of N-doped graphene-based electrodes by this method, which functional group will form on the graphene surface is determined by controlling the applied potential range. Also, a detail mechanism has been proposed for the incorporation of these functional groups on the graphene structure produced by Yucel’s method for the first time in literature. Since the chemical and morphological structure of each electrode is different, specific capacitance values are also different. The electrodes synthesized in a narrower synthesis potential range have shown higher capacity thanks to the catalytic effects of oxygenated functional groups (NO2, ▬COOH, ▬OH etc.) on their surfaces. Indeed, the relations between N including functional groups and specific capacitance properties of the electrodes were investigated in detail. After electrochemical, spectroscopic, and microscopic characterization of the materials, cyclic charge–discharge tests were carried out for 1000 cycles. The specific capacitance of the electrodes changed from 178 mF.cm−2 to 2034 mF.cm−2 in 10 mA.cm−2 current density as a function of the mesoporous structure. This structure type becomes more accessible for electrolyte penetration as the number of cycles increases.Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Interconnected N/P co-doped carbon nanocage as high capacitance electrode material for energy storage devices
Heteroatom doping carbon materials exhibit a huge application potential for energy storage devices (ESDs). Herein, interconnected N/P co-doped carbon nanocage (NP-CNC) was synthesized from pyrene molecules by using nano-MgO as template and melamine-phytic acid supramolecular aggregate as dopant coupled with KOH activation. The as-prepared NP-CNC possesses interconnected nanocages for electron transportation and abundant micropores for ion adsorption. Moreover, co-doped N/P species in NP-CNC provide active sites and additional pseudocapacitance. Consequently, NP-CNC as electrode material for symmetric supercapacitor exhibits a high gravimetric capacitance of 435 F·g
−1
at 0.05 A·g
−1
, high volumetric capacitance of 274 F·cm
−3
at 0.032 A·cm
−3
, and long cycle lifespan with 96.1% capacitance retention after 50,000 cycles. Furthermore, NP-CNC as cathode for zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor delivers satisfactory energy and power densities of 130.6 Wh·kg
−1
(82.3 Wh·L
−1
) and 14.4 kW·kg
−1
(9.1 kW·L
−1
). This work paves a promising approach to the preparation of high capacitance NP-CNC for ESDs.
Journal Article
Review of carbon-based electrode materials for supercapacitor energy storage
In today’s nanoscale regime, energy storage is becoming the primary focus for majority of the world’s and scientific community power. Supercapacitor exhibiting high power density has emerged out as the most promising potential for facilitating the major developments in energy storage. In recent years, the advent of different organic and inorganic nanostructured materials like nano carbons, metal oxides, nanosheets of graphene, and conducting polymers has enabled high-performance-fabricated devices. A review of different carbon-based materials used in the fabrication of electrodes for electrochemical capacitors is presented in this paper. Along with materials used, a brief overview of different types of supercapacitors depending on charge storage mechanism is also been discussed. Materials summary including applications have been provided through the exhaustive analysis of the literature. Keeping nano-architecture electrodes in view, a summary of different technologies considering the integration of metal oxide into carbon nanofibers, carbon fiber papers, graphene/reduced graphene oxide, and SWCNTs/MWCNTS has been presented in this work. The specific capacitance in the range of 40–300 F/g had been reported in the literature for the EDLC (electric double-layer capacitors) supercapacitors. In contrast to this, carbon nanomaterials-based metal-oxides supercapacitors (CNMO-SC) have emerged as the new promising candidate which possess large specific capacitance (> 100 F/g), high energy density, and cost effectiveness. Hence, a review of certain types of carbon nanomaterials has also been reported here.
Journal Article
Recent progress and challenges of carbon materials for Zn‐ion hybrid supercapacitors
Zinc‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) have garnered increasing attention as promising energy storage devices in recent years, as they combine the advantages of high‐energy Zn‐ion batteries and high‐power supercapacitors. However, the development of ZHSCs is still in its infancy and there are many bottlenecks to overcome. In particular, the challenge induced by the limited ion adsorption capability of carbon‐positive electrodes severely restricts the energy density of ZHSCs. Therefore, it has become a key issue to design novel carbon‐positive electrodes that enable high energy density yet do not deteriorate the intrinsic power capability and long‐term durability. This study focuses on recent achievements in synthesis, morphology, and electrochemical performance of various carbon materials applied in ZHSCs. The modification strategies to optimize their electrochemical performance are briefly summarized. In addition, current challenges and future opportunities in this field are also outlined. This review will be beneficial to provide an organized framework for the research systems of carbon‐positive electrodes and develop novel ZHSCs with high energy density. This review provides an overview on the recent progress of carbon materials as positive electrodes in zinc‐ion hybrid supercapacitors. The electrochemical performance of different types of carbon materials is compared and the relevant modification strategies are summarized.
Journal Article