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Surfactants and interfacial phenomena
\"This book provides an easy-to-read, user-friendly resource for industrial chemists and a text for classroom use, and is an unparalleled tool for understanding and applying the latest information on surfactants. Problems are included at the end of each chapter to enhance the reader's understanding, along with many tables of data that are not compiled elsewhere. Only the minimum mathematics is used in the explanation of topics to make it easy-to-understand and very user friendly\"-- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
Theta functions on varieties with effective anti-canonical class
We show that a large class of maximally degenerating families of
We anticipate that wall structures can be
constructed quite generally from maximal degenerations. The construction given here then provides the homogeneous coordinate ring of the
mirror degeneration along with a canonical basis. The appearance of a canonical basis of sections for certain degenerations points
towards a good compactification of moduli of certain polarized varieties via stable pairs, generalizing the picture for K3 surfaces
[Gross, Hacking, Keel, and Siebert,
eBook
Earth and Mars : a reflection
\"Earth and Mars relates in images and words the life story of two planets: both born in the dusty disk surrounding the young sun; each shaped by volcanic activity, wind, and water; but only one home to life\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
A Physical Explanation for Ocean Air–Water Warming Differences under CO2-Forced Warming
Modeled global warming is often quantified using global near-surface air temperature (T
as). Meanwhile, long-term temperature datasets combine observations of T
as over land with sea surface temperature (SST) over ocean. Modeled ocean T
as warms more than SST, which can bias model–observation comparisons. Skin temperature (Ts
), which is typically warmer than T
as, follows SST changes so the ocean surface temperature discontinuity δTs
= Ts
− T
as decreases with warming. Here I show that under CO2 forcing, decreased δTs
is consistently simulated for nonpolar ocean within ±60°S/N, but not for other regions. I investigate the causes of oceanic δTs
decrease using a LongRunMIP climate simulation, radiative kernels, and standard methods for diagnosing forcing and feedbacks from the CMIP5 ensemble. CO2 forcing establishes longwave heating of the lower atmosphere and subsequent adjustments that result in a small T
as increase, and therefore a δTs
decrease. During the subsequent warming in response to CO2 forcing, the model-mean surface evaporation feedback is 3.6 W m−2 °C−1 over oceans, which reduces Ts
warming relative to T
as and further shrinks δTs
. Present-day forcing and feedback contributions are of similar magnitude, and both contribute to small differences in model–observation comparisons of global warming rates when these differences are not accounted for.
Journal Article
Rough and smooth
\"Compares and contrasts common rough and smooth objects, both in nature and man-made. Includes comprehension activity\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The effect of Oceanic South Atlantic Convergence Zone episodes on regional SST anomalies: the roles of heat fluxes and upper-ocean dynamics
The South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) is an atmospheric system occurring in austral summer on the South America continent and sometimes extending over the adjacent South Atlantic. It is characterized by a persistent and very large, northwest-southeast-oriented, cloud band. Its presence over the ocean causes sea surface cooling that some past studies indicated as being produced by a decrease of incoming solar heat flux induced by the extensive cloud cover. Here we investigate ocean–atmosphere interaction processes in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) during SACZ oceanic episodes, as well as the resulting modulations occurring in the oceanic mixed layer and their possible feedbacks on the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Our main interests and novel results are on verifying how the oceanic SACZ acts on dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms and contributes to the sea surface thermal balance in that region. In our oceanic SACZ episodes simulations we confirm an ocean surface cooling. Model results indicate that surface atmospheric circulation and the presence of an extensive cloud cover band over the SWA promote sea surface cooling via a combined effect of dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms, which are of the same order of magnitude. The sea surface temperature (SST) decreases in regions underneath oceanic SACZ positions, near Southeast Brazilian coast, in the South Brazil Bight (SBB) and offshore. This cooling is the result of a complex combination of factors caused by the decrease of solar shortwave radiation reaching the sea surface and the reduction of horizontal heat advection in the Brazil Current (BC) region. The weakened southward BC and adjacent offshore region heat advection seems to be associated with the surface atmospheric circulation caused by oceanic SACZ episodes, which rotate the surface wind and strengthen cyclonic oceanic mesoscale eddy. Another singular feature found in this study is the presence of an atmospheric cyclonic vortex Southwest of the SACZ (CVSS), both at the surface and aloft at 850 hPa near 24°S and 45°W. The CVSS induces an SST decrease southwestward from the SACZ position by inducing divergent Ekman transport and consequent offshore upwelling. This shows that the dynamical effects of atmospheric surface circulation associated with the oceanic SACZ are not restricted only to the region underneath the cloud band, but that they extend southwestward where the CVSS presence supports the oceanic SACZ convective activity and concomitantly modifies the ocean dynamics. Therefore, the changes produced in the oceanic dynamics by these SACZ events may be important to many areas of scientific and applied climate research. For example, episodes of oceanic SACZ may influence the pathways of pollutants as well as fish larvae dispersion in the region.
Journal Article
Saturation of Ocean Surface Wave Slopes Observed During Hurricanes
Drifting buoy observations of ocean surface waves in hurricanes are combined with modeled surface wind speeds. The observations include targeted aerial deployments into Hurricane Ian (2022) and opportunistic measurements from the Sofar Ocean Spotter global network in Hurricane Fiona (2022). Analysis focuses on the slope of the waves, as quantified by the spectral mean square slope. At low‐to‐moderate wind speeds (<15 m s−1), slopes increase linearly with wind speed. At higher winds (>15 m s−1), slopes continue to increase, but at a reduced rate. At extreme winds (>30 m s−1), slopes asymptote. The mean square slopes are directly related to the wave spectral shapes, which over the resolved frequency range (0.03–0.5 Hz) are characterized by an equilibrium tail (f−4${f}^{-4}$ ) at moderate winds and a saturation tail (f−5${f}^{-5}$ ) at higher winds. The asymptotic behavior of wave slope as a function of wind speed could contribute to the reduction of surface drag at high wind speeds. Plain Language Summary Drifting buoy observations of ocean surface waves in Hurricanes Ian and Fiona (2022) are combined with modeled wind speed to explore the evolution of the sea surface from moderate to extreme winds (up to 54 m s−1). The sea surface is characterized using the physical slope of the waves, or the ratio of a wave's height to its length, which has previously only been well‐understood up to moderate wind speeds of 15–20 m s−1. At lower wind speeds, the average slopes increase proportional to the wind speed, meaning the waves continually steepen as the wind strengthens. At higher winds, the slopes continue to increase, but at a reduced rate. The slopes eventually reach a maximum value at the most extreme winds (i.e., the slopes saturate). This phenomenon is accompanied by a change in sea surface character from one that is patterned by occasional wave breaking to one that is almost entirely covered by whitecaps and foam. Using wave slope as a measure of the roughness of the ocean surface, the observed wave slope saturation could help to explain the relative reduction in wind surface forcing at extreme wind speeds. Key Points Buoy observations of waves in hurricanes show the dependence of wave slope on wind speed changes above 15 m s−1 and saturates beyond 30 m s−1 Wave spectra become dominated by the saturation range at high winds suggesting wave breaking is ubiquitous and thereby limits wave slope This effect is a plausible cause for the reduction of surface drag at high wind speeds
Journal Article
Exploring Earth's surface
Earths surface isn't just dirt and rock. It features majestic mountains and verdant valleys, rolling rivers and violent volcanoes. Readers are whisked away on a tour of the planet and it's many fascinating landforms. They will see many of Earth's most interesting natural locations and learn how they were formed.
Book
The NUIST Earth System Model (NESM) version 3: description and preliminary evaluation
The Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Earth System Model version 3 (NESM v3) has been developed, aiming to provide a numerical modeling platform for cross-disciplinary Earth system studies, project future Earth climate and environment changes, and conduct subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction. While the previous model version NESM v1 simulates the internal modes of climate variability well, it has no vegetation dynamics and suffers considerable radiative energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere and surface, resulting in large biases in the global mean surface air temperature, which limits its utility to simulate past and project future climate changes. The NESM v3 has upgraded atmospheric and land surface model components and improved physical parameterization and conservation of coupling variables. Here we describe the new version's basic features and how the major improvements were made. We demonstrate the v3 model's fidelity and suitability to address global climate variability and change issues. The 500-year preindustrial (PI) experiment shows negligible trends in the net heat flux at the top of atmosphere and the Earth surface. Consistently, the simulated global mean surface air temperature, land surface temperature, and sea surface temperature (SST) are all in a quasi-equilibrium state. The conservation of global water is demonstrated by the stable evolution of the global mean precipitation, sea surface salinity (SSS), and sea water salinity. The sea ice extents (SIEs), as a major indication of high-latitude climate, also maintain a balanced state. The simulated spatial patterns of the energy states, SST, precipitation, and SSS fields are realistic, but the model suffers from a cold bias in the North Atlantic, a warm bias in the Southern Ocean, and associated deficient Antarctic sea ice area, as well as a delicate sign of the double ITCZ syndrome. The estimated radiative forcing of quadrupling carbon dioxide is about 7.24 W m-2, yielding a climate sensitivity feedback parameter of -0.98 W m-2 K-1, and the equilibrium climate sensitivity is 3.69 K. The transient climate response from the 1 % yr-1 CO2 (1pctCO2) increase experiment is 2.16 K. The model's performance on internal modes and responses to external forcing during the historical period will be documented in an accompanying paper.
Journal Article