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The full pore size distribution represents the integrated characteristics of micro‐nano pore‐throat systems in tight reservoirs. And it involves experiments of different scales to fully analyze the microscope properties. In this paper, we established a new approach for full pore size characterization through conducting the high‐pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI) experiments and low‐temperature nitrogen gas adsorption (LTN2GA) experiments. Meanwhile, we studied the petrology feature of the tight sandstones through X‐ray diffraction (X‐rD) and TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA). Then, we investigated the HPMI capillary pressure curves and pore size distribution characteristics, as well as the adsorption‐desorption isotherms features and BET‐specific surface area. Finally, the BJH, non‐local density functional theory (NLDFT) and the quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) are contrasted for analyzing the adsorption and pore size distribution characteristics. The HPMI method characterizes the macropores distribution accurately, and the micro/mesopores take up of 14.47% of the total pore spaces. The physisorption isotherms take on the combining shape of type II and IV(a), and the hysteresis loops are like type H3 combined with H4. The BET‐specific surface area is inversely proportional to permeability, and the constant of adsorption heat shows consistence with the analysis results of mineral content. QSDFT can characterize the pore size distribution of micro/mesopores more accurately than the BJH, HPMI, and NLDFT method. By combining the pores narrower than 34 nm calculated from QSDFT method and pores larger than 34 nm calculated from HPMI data with mercury intrusion pressure lower than 42.65 MPa, the full pore size distribution features of tight sandstones are accurately characterized. The micro/mesopores from the new combination method are 3.72% more than that calculated from the HPMI data, and it is of great significance for the accurate pore distribution evaluation and development of tight reservoirs. We performed low‐temperature nitrogen gas adsorption (LTN2GA), high‐pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI), and X‐ray diffraction (X‐rD) experiments on different ultra‐low permeability/tight sandstones to accurately characterize the full pore size distribution of this kind of reservoir rocks. By combining the micropore and mesopore distribution calculated by QSDFT with the mesopore and macropore distribution calculated by HPMI, the accurate characterization of full pore size distribution for the ultra‐low permeability/ tight sandstones is achieved.

• Mesophyll conductance (g m) is the diffusion of CO₂ from intercellular air spaces (IAS) to the first site of carboxylation in the mesophyll cells. In C₃ species, g m is influenced by diverse leaf structural and anatomical traits; however, little is known about traits affecting g m in C₄ species. • To address this knowledge gap, we used online oxygen isotope discrimination measurements to estimate g m and microscopy techniques to measure leaf structural and anatomical traits potentially related to g m in 18 C₄ grasses. • In this study, g m scaled positively with photosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency (TEi), but not with stomatal conductance. Also, g m was not determined by a single trait but was positively correlated with adaxial stomatal densities (SDada), stomatal ratio (SR), mesophyll surface area exposed to IAS (S mes) and leaf thickness. However, g m was not related to abaxial stomatal densities (SDaba) and mesophyll cell wall thickness (T CW). • Our study suggests that greater SDada and SR increased g m by increasing S mes and creating additional parallel pathways for CO₂ diffusion inside mesophyll cells. Thus, SDada, SR and S mes are important determinants of C₄-g m and could be the target traits selected or modified for achieving greater g m and TEi in C₄ species.

Leaves are beautifully specialized organs designed to maximize the use of light and CO₂ for photosynthesis. Engineering leaf anatomy therefore holds great potential to enhance photosynthetic capacity. Here we review the effect of the dominant leaf anatomical traits on leaf photosynthesis and confirm that a high chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular airspace per unit leaf area (S c) is critical for efficient photosynthesis. The possibility of improving S c through appropriately increasing mesophyll cell density is further analyzed. The potential influences of modifying mesophyll cell morphology on CO₂ diffusion, light distribution within the leaf, and other physiological processes are also discussed. Some potential target genes regulating leaf mesophyll cell proliferation and expansion are explored. Indeed, more comprehensive research is needed to understand how manipulating mesophyll cell morphology through editing the potential target genes impacts leaf photosynthetic capacity and related physiological processes. This will pinpoint the targets for engineering leaf anatomy to maximize photosynthetic capacity.

There is evidence that the timing of developmental changes in cortical volume and thickness varies across the brain, although the processes behind these differences are not well understood. In contrast to volume and thickness, the regional developmental trajectories of cortical surface area have not yet been described. The present study used a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal design with 201 MRI-scans (acquired at 1.5-T) from 135 typically developing children and adolescents. Scans were processed using FreeSurfer software and the Desikan–Killiany atlas. Developmental trajectories were estimated using mixed model regression analysis. Within most regions, cortical thickness showed linear decreases with age, whereas both cortical volume and surface area showed curvilinear trajectories. On average, maximum surface area occurred later in development than maximum volume. Global gender differences were more pronounced in cortical volume and surface area than in average thickness. Our findings suggest that developmental trajectories of surface area and thickness differ across the brain, both in their pattern and their timing, and that they also differ from the developmental trajectory of global cortical volume. Taken together, these findings indicate that the development of surface area and thickness is driven by different processes, at least in part. •We examined cortical change in a large cohort of typically developing children.•Cortical thickness and surface area development do not mirror volume development.•On average, maximum surface area occurred later than maximum volume development.•Timing of volume, thickness and surface area development varies by cortical region.•Cortical thickness and surface area develop independent of one another.

Soil contamination with heavy metals presents a substantial environmental peril, necessitating the exploration of innovative remediation approaches. This research aimed to investigate the efficiency of nano-silica in stabilizing heavy metals in a calcareous heavy metal-contaminated soil. The soil was treated with five nano-silica levels of 0, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg and incubated for two months. The results showed that nano-silica had a specific surface area of 179.68  m 2 / g . At 1000 mg/kg, the DTPA-extractable concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr decreased by 12%, 11%, 11.6%, 10%, and 9.5% compared to the controls, respectively. Additionally, as the nano-silica application rate increased, both soil pH and specific surface area increased. The augmentation of nano-silica adsorbent in the soil led to a decline in the exchangeable (EX) and carbonate-bound fractions of Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr, while the distribution of heavy metals in fractions bonded with Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter, and residue increased. The use of 1000 mg/kg nano-silica resulted in an 8.0% reduction in EX Pb, 4.5% in EX Cu, 7.3% in EX Zn, 7.1% in EX Ni, and 7.9% in EX Cr compared to the control treatment. Overall, our study highlights the potential of nano silica as a promising remediation strategy for addressing heavy metal pollution in contaminated soils, offering sustainable solutions for environmental restoration and ecosystem protection.

MRI‐derived brain measures offer a link between genes, the environment and behavior and have been widely studied in bipolar disorder (BD). However, many neuroimaging studies of BD have been underpowered, leading to varied results and uncertainty regarding effects. The Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Bipolar Disorder Working Group was formed in 2012 to empower discoveries, generate consensus findings and inform future hypothesis‐driven studies of BD. Through this effort, over 150 researchers from 20 countries and 55 institutions pool data and resources to produce the largest neuroimaging studies of BD ever conducted. The ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group applies standardized processing and analysis techniques to empower large‐scale meta‐ and mega‐analyses of multimodal brain MRI and improve the replicability of studies relating brain variation to clinical and genetic data. Initial BD Working Group studies reveal widespread patterns of lower cortical thickness, subcortical volume and disrupted white matter integrity associated with BD. Findings also include mapping brain alterations of common medications like lithium, symptom patterns and clinical risk profiles and have provided further insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of BD. Here we discuss key findings from the BD working group, its ongoing projects and future directions for large‐scale, collaborative studies of mental illness. This review discusses the major challenges facing neuroimaging research of bipolar disorder and highlights the major accomplishments, ongoing challenges and future goals of the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group.

Surface areas and volumes of biological systems—from molecules to organelles, cells, and organisms—affect their biological rates and kinetics. Therefore, surface area–to-volume ratios and the scaling of surface area with volume profoundly influence ecology, physiology, and evolution. The zeroth-order geometric expectation is that surface area scales with body mass or volume as a power law with an exponent of two-thirds, with consequences for surface area–to-volume (SA∶V) ratios and constraints on size; however, organisms have adaptations for altering the surface area scaling and SA∶V ratios of their bodies and structures. The strategies fall into three groups: (1) fractal-like surface convolutions and crinkles; (2) classic geometric dissimilitude through elongating, flattening, fattening, and hollowing; and (3) internalization of surfaces. Here I develop general quantitative theory to model the spectra of effects of these strategies on SA∶V ratios and surface area scaling, from exponents of less than two-thirds to superlinear scaling and mixed-power laws. Applying the theory to cells helps quantitatively evaluate the effects of membrane fractality, shape-shifting, vacuoles, vesicles, and mitochondria on surface area scaling, informing understanding of cell allometry, morphology, and evolution. Analysis of compiled data indicates that through hollowness and surface internalization, eukaryotic phytoplankton increase their effective surface area scaling, attaining near-linear scaling in larger cells. This unifying theory highlights the fundamental role of biological surfaces in metabolism and morphological evolution.

Biofilms, surface-bound communities of microbes, are economically and medically important due to their pathogenic and obstructive properties. Among the numerous strategies to prevent bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation, surface topography was recently proposed as a highly nonspecific method that does not rely on small-molecule antibacterial compounds, which promote resistance. Here, we provide a detailed investigation of how the introduction of submicrometer crevices to a surface affects attachment of Escherichia coli . These crevices reduce substrate surface area available to the cell body but increase overall surface area. We have found that, during the first 2 h, adhesion to topographic surfaces is significantly reduced compared with flat controls, but this behavior abruptly reverses to significantly increased adhesion at longer exposures. We show that this reversal coincides with bacterially induced wetting transitions and that flagellar filaments aid in adhesion to these wetted topographic surfaces. We demonstrate that flagella are able to reach into crevices, access additional surface area, and produce a dense, fibrous network. Mutants lacking flagella show comparatively reduced adhesion. By varying substrate crevice sizes, we determine the conditions under which having flagella is most advantageous for adhesion. These findings strongly indicate that, in addition to their role in swimming motility, flagella are involved in attachment and can furthermore act as structural elements, enabling bacteria to overcome unfavorable surface topographies. This work contributes insights for the future design of antifouling surfaces and for improved understanding of bacterial behavior in native, structured environments.

The mapping of impervious surface area (ISA) and urban green space (UGS) is essential for improving the urban environmental quality toward ecological, livable, and sustainable goals. Currently, accurate ISA and UGS products are lacking in urban areas at the global scale. This study established regression models that estimated the fraction of ISA/UGS in global 30 cities for validation using MODIS NDVI and DMSP/OLS nighttime light imageries. A global dataset of ISA and UGS fraction with a spatial resolution of 250 m×250 m was developed using the regression model, with a mean relative error of 0.19 for its ISA. The results showed the global urban area of 76.29×10 4 km 2 , which was primarily distributed in central Europe, eastern Asia, and central and eastern North America. The urban land area in North America, Europe, and Asia was 66.3×10 4 km 2 , accounting for 86.91% of the world’s urban area; the urban land area of the top 50 countries accounted for 59.32% of the total urban land area in the world. The global ISA of 45.26×10 4 km 2 was mainly distributed in central and southern North America, eastern Asia, and Europe, as well as coastal regions around the world. The proportion of ISA situated in built-up areas on the continental scale followed the order of Africa (>70%)>South America>Oceania>Asia (>60%)>North America>Europe (>50%), and these areas were mostly in southeastern North America, southwestern Europe, and eastern and western Asia. North America, Europe, and Asia accounted for 89.44% of the world’s total UGS. The cities of developed countries in Europe and North America exposed a dramatic mosaic of ISA and UGS composites in urban construction. Therefore, the proportion of UGS is relatively high in those cities. However, in developing and underdeveloped countries, the proportion of UGS in built-up areas is relatively low, and urban environments need to be improved for livability.

The periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) is a useful indicator of periodontal status. However, its formula was based on a meta-analysis involving five countries, and racial differences in tooth root morphology could have affected the calculations. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the PISA and compare it with the original version. The formulas reported by a previous Japanese study calculating the amount of remaining periodontal ligament from clinical attachment measurements were used to calculate the PISA. A simulation was performed to compare the Japanese version with the original version by inputting probing pocket depth (PPD) from 1 to10 mm and by using clinical data. The PISA values in the Japanese version were larger and smaller than those in the original version for PPDs of 1–5 mm and 6–10 mm, respectively. The PISA values for the clinical data from the Japanese version were significantly higher than those from the original version. Both versions of the PISA values correlated equally well with body mass index. The Japanese version of the PISA can be used to assess the amount of inflamed periodontal tissue resulting from periodontitis in Japanese populations, taking into account racial heterogeneity in root morphologies.