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Expenditures, such as repair, heating and lighting costs, and payment of mosque staff’s salaries, are the main cost items that need to be satisfied for mosques to continue their services. Throughout history, these expenses have been met sometimes with the state budget, sometimes through waqfs and associations, and sometimes with the cash aid provided by the people directly in Turkey. Adding a commercial function to the mosque, which was built for the sake of continuous income, has been seen in the history of Turkey since the Ottoman period. However, the commercial units dedicated to the mosque during this period were not always close to the mosque; sometimes they could also be located in very remote location. Today, a type of structure is built which can be called a trade and religious building in the lower floor of the mosque, or as a part of the same floor due to space shortage, cost reduction etc. This type of building, which was interpreted with different perspectives, caused problems in terms of perceptibility, ratio and proportion, visuality, accessibility, noise pollution, and the moral values of the mosque, and even became the subject of lawsuits for the closure of commercial functions. In this context, the commercial functions that the mosques added to the structure in order to find financial resources were examined throughout the city center of Antalya. Accordingly, the architectural projects and zoning status of the 15 identified mosques were examined, and a spatial and configuration analysis was made. The functionality of the mosques was discussed with the mosque community, its officials, and the people in the area close to the mosque via focus group discussions, and examples of the issue brought to the judiciary were examined.

In the context of global dynamics influenced by climate change and environmental sustainability awareness, the implementation of sustainable architecture becomes an urgent necessity in infrastructure development. Mosques, as centers of spiritual and social activities, play an undeniable role in responding to and facing these challenges. This research focuses on Mosque Istiqlal in Jakarta, a symbol of religious and national significance in Indonesia. Mosque Istiqlal, as a case study, becomes a crucial representation of efforts to integrate principles of sustainable architecture into religious buildings. To comprehensively analyze and understand the implementation of these principles, this research aims to detail how Istiqlal Mosque creates a functional and environmentally friendly built environment. By delving into the design and construction of Istiqlal Mosque, this study employs a qualitative descriptive method, involving document analysis, field observations, and interviews with architects and stakeholders. The research results are expected to provide profound insights into the positive contributions made by the implementation of sustainable architecture in the context of mosques and serve as a foundation for the development of more sustainable mosques in Indonesia in the future. With a focus on Mosque Istiqlal, this research is anticipated to offer valuable guidance for understanding and promoting sustainability in the spiritual and architectural aspects of religious buildings.

This paper’s primary purpose is to design a sustainable mosque for communal development that adapts to the surrounding area. The National Mosque and The Mizan Mosque were selected as prominent case studies emphasizing the study of form and space. Thus, this study summaries new ways of describing mosque design, using structural and semiotic paradigms as a methodological approach to studying the relationship between mosque design and sustainable aspects. The guidelines developed from this study are helpful for designers, builders, developers and relevant authorities to build mosques as sustainable community development in the future.

This paper emphasizes the up-and-coming place of mosques in promoting environmental care and sustainable development among Muslim communities. In so doing, it places mosques at the forefront of one of the potentially transformative agents of change with respect to climate challenges by aligning Islamic teachings on stewardship with modern ecological practices. To relieve the environmental burden, it aims to show how mosques can be implicated in the greenest technologies, such as renewable energies, water conservation systems, solid waste management, and architectural design. Through desk research and case studies of mosques in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Morocco, the research underlines the initiatives that have reduced energy consumption, optimized water use, and fostered community involvement. In this regard, the Morocco Green Mosque Program has been able to reduce energy consumption by as much as solar panel installations do. At the same time, mosques in Indonesia have implemented rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling. Additionally, mosques serve as community centers for environmental education, wherein religious teachings have engaged more than 70% of congregants in sustainability programs. Funding and long-term maintenance remain significant challenges, which justifies strong policy support and alignment with the Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) framework. Moreover, mosques can be pivotal in educating the younger generation on climate awareness, shaping them to become future advocates for environmental protection. This study indicates the potential of mosques for fulfilling religious duties to enable meaningful contributions toward global climate action and the SDGs.

Purpose Mosques in Africa face challenges associated with facilities management (FM), as newly built mosques deteriorate rapidly because of the absence of facilities managers who can implement preventive measures and maintain them in suitable conditions. The purpose of this paper is to explore existing literature to justify the need for employing professional facilities managers in managing mosque operations in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach This viewpoint adopts a five-stage comprehensive methodology to study FM in mosque operations, linking it with practical observations and comparative analysis. The methodology includes an extensive literature review of previous studies and reports, a walkthrough scope analysis of industry standards and walkthrough inspections of some mosques in Kumasi and Accra, comparative content analysis integrating literature with practical observations, field observations and informal engagements with MMCs Chairpersons, along with the synthesis and evaluation of the findings. Findings This study reveals that mosque management committees (MMCs) excel in community engagement and religious sensitivity but struggle with maintenance, strategic planning and operational efficiency because of a lack of formal training and technical expertise. Professional facilities managers (PFMs) bring specialised skills in infrastructure management, sustainability and asset management, addressing these gaps and improving overall operational performance. Integrating advanced technologies such as Building Information Modelling and Mobile Apps further enhance mosque operations. Bridging the gap between MMCs and professional FMs is crucial for optimising mosque functionality, resource utilisation and long-term sustainability. Practical implications The viewpoint recommends a hybrid management model combining MMCs’ community engagement with PFMs’ expertise. Capacity-building programs for MMC members and structured frameworks for financial management and maintenance scheduling are essential for sustainable mosque operations. Originality/value Being a pioneer study to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of traditional MMCs and professional FM practices in maintaining and enhancing mosque operations, this study bridges the knowledge gap by incorporating best practices from professional bodies such as the International Facility Management Association (IFMA), the Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. These organisations provide guidelines on maintenance planning, sustainability and operational efficiency, directly applicable to mosque FM practices that can be adopted in Ghanaian mosques through case studies.

Mosque architecture often exhibits distinct identities, elements, and forms associated with geographical locations or dynastic patronage in the Islamic world. However, there has been a significant paradigm shift in mosque architecture over the past century, with external factors influencing the construction and sustainability of contemporary mosques. This study examines the evolution of mosque architecture in Nigeria, concentrating on the Ilorin Central Mosque as a pivotal case study connecting the northern and southern regions. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, utilizing descriptive approach, historical research, architectural analysis, and field observations to examine the architectural language, urban context, and socio-historical factors shaping the mosque’s development. Although geographical settings have always influenced traditional religious designs in Nigeria, the findings reveal a transformation from simple mud structures to grand modern edifices. The Ilorin Central Mosque exemplifies this shift, with its Ottoman-inspired domes and minarets contrasting with the traditional vernacular mosques of the 19th century. The study highlights the challenges of globalization, sustainability, foreign architectural influences, and the tension between local identity and contemporary trends in mosque architecture. The study concludes by arguing that future mosques must reintegrate regionalism, local materials, and climate-responsive principles into contemporary aesthetics while considering the quintessential principles of the Prophet’s Mosque and the religious and social significance of mosques within the urban fabric. The Ilorin Central Mosque exemplifies a microcosm of the transformations in Nigerian mosque architecture, highlighting the necessity of a balanced approach that embraces both cultural heritage and contemporary needs.

Kampung Laut Mosque in Kelantan serve as vital cultural assets, reflecting the state’s historical and architectural evolution. However, the mosque currently offers limited educational resources for visitors, with information mainly presented through printed displays and static panels that is less engaging and resource-intensive to reproduce or maintain. Hence, this paper explores the potential of Photogrammetry-based Augmented Reality workflow as a sustainable alternative to provide interactive architectural heritage tourism. The study employs an exploratory approach comprising four phases: Site Study, Data Acquisition, Data Processing, and AR implementation. Data were collected through Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry using a portable device to capture the building’s main features (facade). The acquired images were processed using KIRI Engine (photogrammetric modelling software) to generate a dense point cloud and a refined 3D model. This model was subsequently integrated into an AR application developed and deployed on the Adobe Aero platform. The findings demonstrate that the 3D model produced from the photogrammetric data is effective for AR applications, allowing interactive exploration of architectural elements using smartphone and tablet devices. The study concludes by proposing a fundamental workflow for developing Photogrammetry-based AR application, demonstrating how digital innovation can transform architectural heritage tourism into more sustainable and engaging experience in Malaysia.

This thorough study looks at the use of machine learning (ML) techniques to forecast energy usage in buildings, with an emphasis on mosques. As energy use has a greater impact on both the environment and the economy, it is becoming increasingly important to optimize energy usage in buildings, especially for religious organizations such as mosques. The study goes into a variety of ML methods and models, including neural networks, regression models, decision trees, and clustering algorithms, each customized to a distinct difficulty in energy management. The paper evaluates the efficacy of several ML techniques, noting their merits, shortcomings, and potential applications. Additionally, it investigates the impact of climate, mosque design, occupancy patterns, and geographical variables on energy use. To achieve accurate energy consumption projections, rigorous data collecting, pre-processing, and model validation procedures are required. The paper also discusses important data sources and methodologies for mosque-specific energy analysis. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the practical benefits of applying ML in energy prediction, such as cost savings, increased environmental sustainability, and better resource allocation. This study’s ramifications extend beyond mosques, providing useful insights into energy management in buildings in general. By summarizing the current state of ML applications in mosque energy prediction, this study is an important resource for researchers, decision-makers, and energy management practitioners, paving the way for future advancements and the adoption of more sustainable energy practices in religious institutions.

Purpose To analyze the challenges and intricacies involved in managing the physical and administrative aspects of central mosques, with a specific focus on the Kumasi Central Mosque in Ghana. Through this case study, the paper aims to provide insights into the unique estate management practices and design a conceptual framework that incorporates efficient estate management practices for Ghana’s central mosques. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a mixed-methods approach. Structured questionnaires were used to gather the data administered to the head of the development office, maintenance workers and mosque users. The data were analyzed using descriptive methods. Findings The overall findings of the study indicate that the estate management practices of the mosque are having difficulties financing maintenance. Other difficulties include the type of maintenance regime, the period of planned maintenance, the lack of an asset register, the absence of insurance policies and the causes of emergency maintenance. Practical implications The research provides valuable insights into the management of central mosques in Ghana and offers scalable practical recommendations such as adopting a planned maintenance regime, insuring mosque facilities and implementing comprehensive recording-keeping guidelines guided by policies. Originality/value The paper will assist stakeholders in comprehending the most practical approach to mosque estate management practices.

The paper explores the significance of integrating sustainable development principles in mosque construction, focusing on the Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque in Cyberjaya, Malaysia, the first mosque in the country to achieve Green Building Index (GBI) Platinum certification. The mosque exemplifies the incorporation of environmental protection in religious architecture, emphasizing energy efficiency, emission reduction, and ecological harmony. It discusses the mosque’s impact on the surrounding environment, particularly the increase in vegetation cover, which indicates successful ecological restoration. This assessment is based on satellite imagery analysis and the Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) calculation using the dimidiate pixel model, a validated methodology for rapid environmental change assessment widely applied in development monitoring contexts. The mosque’s design and operation mirror Islamic teachings on conservation and balance with nature, presenting a contemporary response to environmental challenges. Through comparative analysis with mosques worldwide, including Masjid al-Haram (Saudi Arabia), Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Turkey), and the Great Mosque of Djenné (Mali), this study reveals how sustainable design principles are interpreted differently across geographical, historical, and cultural contexts. The paper also examines implementation challenges faced during the mosque’s development, including financial constraints, technical complexities, and cultural considerations that required innovative solutions. It serves as an exemplary model for future religious constructions, showing how religious values and environmental stewardship can be integrated. In summary, the Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque stands as a benchmark in harmonizing sustainable development with Islamic architecture. Its eco-friendly practices highlight a commitment to environmental sustainability, positioning the mosque as a leader in promoting a balance between development and nature conservation in religious architecture, while raising important questions about the future evolution of sustainable design across diverse faith traditions.