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Expenditures, such as repair, heating and lighting costs, and payment of mosque staff’s salaries, are the main cost items that need to be satisfied for mosques to continue their services. Throughout history, these expenses have been met sometimes with the state budget, sometimes through waqfs and associations, and sometimes with the cash aid provided by the people directly in Turkey. Adding a commercial function to the mosque, which was built for the sake of continuous income, has been seen in the history of Turkey since the Ottoman period. However, the commercial units dedicated to the mosque during this period were not always close to the mosque; sometimes they could also be located in very remote location. Today, a type of structure is built which can be called a trade and religious building in the lower floor of the mosque, or as a part of the same floor due to space shortage, cost reduction etc. This type of building, which was interpreted with different perspectives, caused problems in terms of perceptibility, ratio and proportion, visuality, accessibility, noise pollution, and the moral values of the mosque, and even became the subject of lawsuits for the closure of commercial functions. In this context, the commercial functions that the mosques added to the structure in order to find financial resources were examined throughout the city center of Antalya. Accordingly, the architectural projects and zoning status of the 15 identified mosques were examined, and a spatial and configuration analysis was made. The functionality of the mosques was discussed with the mosque community, its officials, and the people in the area close to the mosque via focus group discussions, and examples of the issue brought to the judiciary were examined.

In the context of global dynamics influenced by climate change and environmental sustainability awareness, the implementation of sustainable architecture becomes an urgent necessity in infrastructure development. Mosques, as centers of spiritual and social activities, play an undeniable role in responding to and facing these challenges. This research focuses on Mosque Istiqlal in Jakarta, a symbol of religious and national significance in Indonesia. Mosque Istiqlal, as a case study, becomes a crucial representation of efforts to integrate principles of sustainable architecture into religious buildings. To comprehensively analyze and understand the implementation of these principles, this research aims to detail how Istiqlal Mosque creates a functional and environmentally friendly built environment. By delving into the design and construction of Istiqlal Mosque, this study employs a qualitative descriptive method, involving document analysis, field observations, and interviews with architects and stakeholders. The research results are expected to provide profound insights into the positive contributions made by the implementation of sustainable architecture in the context of mosques and serve as a foundation for the development of more sustainable mosques in Indonesia in the future. With a focus on Mosque Istiqlal, this research is anticipated to offer valuable guidance for understanding and promoting sustainability in the spiritual and architectural aspects of religious buildings.

This paper’s primary purpose is to design a sustainable mosque for communal development that adapts to the surrounding area. The National Mosque and The Mizan Mosque were selected as prominent case studies emphasizing the study of form and space. Thus, this study summaries new ways of describing mosque design, using structural and semiotic paradigms as a methodological approach to studying the relationship between mosque design and sustainable aspects. The guidelines developed from this study are helpful for designers, builders, developers and relevant authorities to build mosques as sustainable community development in the future.

This paper emphasizes the up-and-coming place of mosques in promoting environmental care and sustainable development among Muslim communities. In so doing, it places mosques at the forefront of one of the potentially transformative agents of change with respect to climate challenges by aligning Islamic teachings on stewardship with modern ecological practices. To relieve the environmental burden, it aims to show how mosques can be implicated in the greenest technologies, such as renewable energies, water conservation systems, solid waste management, and architectural design. Through desk research and case studies of mosques in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Morocco, the research underlines the initiatives that have reduced energy consumption, optimized water use, and fostered community involvement. In this regard, the Morocco Green Mosque Program has been able to reduce energy consumption by as much as solar panel installations do. At the same time, mosques in Indonesia have implemented rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling. Additionally, mosques serve as community centers for environmental education, wherein religious teachings have engaged more than 70% of congregants in sustainability programs. Funding and long-term maintenance remain significant challenges, which justifies strong policy support and alignment with the Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) framework. Moreover, mosques can be pivotal in educating the younger generation on climate awareness, shaping them to become future advocates for environmental protection. This study indicates the potential of mosques for fulfilling religious duties to enable meaningful contributions toward global climate action and the SDGs.

Purpose To analyze the challenges and intricacies involved in managing the physical and administrative aspects of central mosques, with a specific focus on the Kumasi Central Mosque in Ghana. Through this case study, the paper aims to provide insights into the unique estate management practices and design a conceptual framework that incorporates efficient estate management practices for Ghana’s central mosques. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a mixed-methods approach. Structured questionnaires were used to gather the data administered to the head of the development office, maintenance workers and mosque users. The data were analyzed using descriptive methods. Findings The overall findings of the study indicate that the estate management practices of the mosque are having difficulties financing maintenance. Other difficulties include the type of maintenance regime, the period of planned maintenance, the lack of an asset register, the absence of insurance policies and the causes of emergency maintenance. Practical implications The research provides valuable insights into the management of central mosques in Ghana and offers scalable practical recommendations such as adopting a planned maintenance regime, insuring mosque facilities and implementing comprehensive recording-keeping guidelines guided by policies. Originality/value The paper will assist stakeholders in comprehending the most practical approach to mosque estate management practices.

The paper explores the significance of integrating sustainable development principles in mosque construction, focusing on the Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque in Cyberjaya, Malaysia, the first mosque in the country to achieve Green Building Index (GBI) Platinum certification. The mosque exemplifies the incorporation of environmental protection in religious architecture, emphasizing energy efficiency, emission reduction, and ecological harmony. It discusses the mosque’s impact on the surrounding environment, particularly the increase in vegetation cover, which indicates successful ecological restoration. This assessment is based on satellite imagery analysis and the Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) calculation using the dimidiate pixel model, a validated methodology for rapid environmental change assessment widely applied in development monitoring contexts. The mosque’s design and operation mirror Islamic teachings on conservation and balance with nature, presenting a contemporary response to environmental challenges. Through comparative analysis with mosques worldwide, including Masjid al-Haram (Saudi Arabia), Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Turkey), and the Great Mosque of Djenné (Mali), this study reveals how sustainable design principles are interpreted differently across geographical, historical, and cultural contexts. The paper also examines implementation challenges faced during the mosque’s development, including financial constraints, technical complexities, and cultural considerations that required innovative solutions. It serves as an exemplary model for future religious constructions, showing how religious values and environmental stewardship can be integrated. In summary, the Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque stands as a benchmark in harmonizing sustainable development with Islamic architecture. Its eco-friendly practices highlight a commitment to environmental sustainability, positioning the mosque as a leader in promoting a balance between development and nature conservation in religious architecture, while raising important questions about the future evolution of sustainable design across diverse faith traditions.

Purpose>Valuable historical monuments have important potential in the context of cultural tourism in cities. In addition, for the protection of these structures, in terms of ensuring social and cultural sustainability, it is also important to transfer these values to future generations.Design/methodology/approach>The social and cultural sustainability of Erzurum Great Mosque is investigated by viewing the social and cultural sustainability of the mosque through the factors created by Chan and Lee and the criteria created by Stubbs.Findings>As a result, the social and cultural sustainability of Erzurum Great Mosque is revealed, allowing us to propose what should be done to transfer the values of this structure, which has historical and cultural significance, and the culture it represents to future generations.Originality/value>This study contributes to the literature as to evaluate a historical building, in terms of social–cultural sustainability.

This study explores the potential of repurposing mosque minarets as solar chimneys in hot arid regions to facilitate natural ventilation and diminish the reliance on energy-intensive cooling systems. Originating as a means to call the faithful to prayer, minarets have become iconic landmarks within Islamic cities. This research focuses on Cairo, Egypt, as a representative hot arid environment. The paper traces the evolution of the minaret, underscoring the variations in form that influence the experimental design. The investigation proceeded in two stages: the construction of physical mosque models with variably positioned minarets for laboratory testing, ensuring standardized measurements, followed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for comparison. Findings indicate that mosque minarets can be effectively adapted for passive ventilation, with their performance significantly influenced by orientation and placement. This study concludes that traditional mosque minarets offer a viable, sustainable option for passive cooling in hot climates.

A mosque is pivotal in Acehnese society, making it a potential exemplar of sustainable building practices. Establishing a sustainable mosque is expected to enhance public awareness and foster broader implementation of sustainability principles. A sustainable mosque embodies Islamic values concerning environment preservation, and social responsibility, and the human role as stewards (caliphs) of the Earth. This study investigates the potency of research object to be developed as a sustainable mosque. Data collection primarily involves observation, with Ardiani’s sustainable architecture framework serving as the analytical tool. Findings reveal that several sustainability indicators are presents in Masjid Oman, Banda Aceh including urban ecology, energy strategy, water conservation, waste management, materials, environmental community initiatives, and economic strategies. However, these indicators are not optimally implemented. Based on these observations, the study proposes recommendations to enhance sustainability efforts such as integrating green roofs, LED lighting, automatic faucets, solar panels, greywater treatment systems, and environmental education initiatives. Optimizing the sustainable mosque concept will provide greater environmental, economic, and social benefits compared to the current practices.

The city of Cairo is famous worldwide for its distinct heritage sites. Its uniqueness, its call effect, and its history are significant. So, it is essential to improve its management of tourism. The main objective of this research is to analyze the satisfaction of visitors to historic mosques in the context of heritage tourism. The study focuses on tourist loyalty from several perspectives: expectations, satisfaction with the city itself and satisfaction with the mosque. The fieldwork was carried out in Cairo (Egypt), specifically in the Ibn Ṭūlūn Mosque. It is more than 2000 years old and is considered the oldest mosque in Cairo and one of the most amazing mosques in the world. There are few studies on mosques from a tourism perspective, which makes this study innovative and a substantial contribution to the literature. The methodology used was based on partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling. A structured questionnaire was used to achieve the proposed objective. The results obtained confirmed that satisfaction during their visit to the Ibn Ṭūlūn Mosque positively influenced tourists’ loyalty, and therefore they recommended revisiting it.