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\"Renewable Materials and Green Technology Products: Environmental and Safety Aspects looks at the design, manufacture, and use of efficient, effective, safe, and more environmentally benign chemical products and processes. It includes a broad range of application-based solutions to the development of renewable materials and green technology. The latest trends in the green synthesis and properties of CNs are presented in the first chapter of this book for generating social awareness about sustainable developments. The book goes on to highlight the naissance and progressive trail of microwave-assisted synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, for a clean and green technology tool. Chapters discuss green technological alternatives for the global abatement of air pollution, effective use and treatment of water and wastewater, renewable power generation from solar PV cells, carbon-based nanomaterials synthesized using green protocol for sustainable development, green technologies that help to achieve economic development without harming the environment, technical solutions to cut down the quantum of N losses, conventional processing techniques in developing the bionanocomposites as the biocatalyst, and more\"-- Provided by publisher.

Thin films and epitaxial hetero-structures of doped and undoped CeO 2 , and 8 mol% Y 2 O 3 stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ), were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition on different single crystal substrates. Reflection high energy electron diffraction was used to monitor in situ the growth mechanism of the films. Two distinct growth mechanisms were identified along the (001) growth direction for the Ce- and Zr-based materials, respectively. While the doped or undoped ceria films showed a 3-dimensional growth mechanism typically characterized by a pronounced surface roughness, YSZ films showed an almost ideal layer-by-layer 2-dimensional growth. Moreover, when the two materials were stacked together in epitaxial hetero-structures, the two different growth mechanisms were preserved. As a result, a 2-dimensional reconstruction of the ceria-based layers determined by the YSZ film growing above was observed. The experimental results are explained in terms of the thermodynamic stability of the low-index surfaces of the two materials using computational analysis performed by density functional theory.

\"Energy modeling calculations for urban, complex buildings are most effective during the early design phase. And most analysis takes only four to sixteen hours to get results you can use. This software-agnostic book, which is intended for you to use as a professional architect, shows you how to reduce the energy use of all buildings. Written by a practicing architect who specializes in energy modeling, the book includes case studies of net-zero buildings, of Living Building Challenge-certified buildings, as well as of projects with less lofty goals to demonstrate how energy simulation has helped designers make early decisions. Within each case study, author Kjell Anderson mentions the software used and other software that could have been used to get similar results so that you learn general concepts without being tied to particular programs. Each chapter builds on the theory from previous chapters, includes a summary of concept-level hand calculations (if applicable), and gives comprehensive explanations with examples. Topics covered include comfort, design energy simulation, climate analysis, master planning, conceptual design, design development, and existing buildings so that you can create more responsive designs quicker\"-- Provided by publisher.

Lithium ion battery has achieved great success in portable electronics and even recently electronic vehicles since its commercialization in 1990s. However, lithium‐ion batteries are confronted with several issues in terms of the sustainable development such as the high price of raw materials and electronic products, the emerging safety accidents, etc. The recent progresses are herein emphasized on lithium batteries for energy storage to clearly understand the sustainable energy chemistry and emerging energy materials. The Perspective presents novel lithium‐ion batteries developed with the aims of enhancing the electrochemical performance and sustainability of energy storage systems. First, revolutionary material chemistries, including novel low‐cobalt cathode, organic electrode, and aqueous electrolyte, are discussed. Then, the characteristics of safety performance are analyzed and strategies to enhance safety are subsequently evaluated. Battery recycling is considered as the key factor for a sustainable society and related technologies are present as well. Finally, conclusion and outlook are drawn to shed lights on the further development of sustainable lithium‐ion batteries. The combination of high electrochemical performance and sustainability has become crucial for advanced lithium batteries. Sustainable development of lithium batteries is emphasized in this Perspective. The latest advances in safety performance, low‐cobalt content in cathodes, battery recycling technology, organic cathode, and aqueous batteries are summarized and the development directions are discussed.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), notable for their unique two-dimensional layered structures, have attracted significant research attention due to their exceptional versatility and promising performance in energy storage and conversion applications. This comprehensive review systematically addresses the fundamentals and diverse synthesis strategies for LDHs, including co-precipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, electrochemical deposition, sol-gel processes, ultrasonication, and exfoliation techniques. The synthesis methods profoundly influence the physicochemical properties, morphology, and electrochemical performance of LDHs, necessitating a detailed understanding to optimize their applications. In this paper, the role of LDHs in batteries, supercapacitors, and hydrogen production is critically evaluated. We discuss their incorporation in various battery systems, such as lithium-ion, lithium–sulfur, sodium-ion, chloride-ion, zinc-ion, and zinc–air batteries, highlighting their structural and electrochemical advantages. Additionally, the superior pseudocapacitive behavior and high energy densities offered by LDHs in supercapacitors are elucidated. The effectiveness of LDHs in hydrogen production, particularly through electrocatalytic water splitting, underscores their significance in renewable energy systems. This review paper uniquely integrates these three pivotal energy technologies, outlining current innovations and challenges, thus fulfilling a critical need for the scientific community by providing consolidated insights and guiding future research directions.

Metals and alloys are among the most technologically important materials for our industrialized societies. They are the most common structural materials used in cars, airplanes and buildings, and constitute the technological core of most electronic devices. They allow the transportation of energy over great distances and are exploited in critical parts of renewable energy technologies. Even though primary metal production industries are mature and operate optimized pyrometallurgical processes, they extensively rely on cheap and abundant carbonaceous reactants (fossil fuels, coke), require high power heating units (which are also typically powered by fossil fuels) to calcine, roast, smelt and refine, and they generate many output streams with high residual energy content. Many unit operations also generate hazardous gaseous species on top of large CO 2 emissions which require gas-scrubbing and capture strategies for the future. Therefore, there are still many opportunities to lower the environmental footprint of key pyrometallurgical operations. This paper explores the possibility to use greener reactants such as bio-fuels, bio-char, hydrogen and ammonia in different pyrometallurgical units. It also identifies all recycled streams that are available (such as steel and aluminum scraps, electronic waste and Li-ion batteries) as well as the technological challenges associated with their integration in primary metal processes. A complete discussion about the alternatives to carbon-based reduction is constructed around the use of hydrogen, metallo-reduction as well as inert anode electrometallurgy. The review work is completed with an overview of the different approaches to use renewable energies and valorize residual heat in pyrometallurgical units. Finally, strategies to mitigate environmental impacts of pyrometallurgical operations such as CO 2 capture utilization and storage as well as gas scrubbing technologies are detailed. This original review paper brings together for the first time all potential strategies and efforts that could be deployed in the future to decrease the environmental footprint of the pyrometallurgical industry. It is primarily intended to favour collaborative work and establish synergies between academia, the pyrometallurgical industry, decision-makers and equipment providers. Graphical abstract Highlights A more sustainable production of metals using greener reactants, green electricity or carbon capture is possible and sometimes already underway. More investments and pressure are required to hasten change. Discussion Is there enough pressure on the aluminum and steel industries to meet the set climate targets? The greenhouse gas emissions of existing facilities can often be partly mitigated by retrofitting them with green technologies, should we close plants prematurely to build new plants using greener technologies? Since green or renewable resources presently have limited availability, in which sector should we use them to maximize their benefits?

Biomass wastage of mushroom bags derived hard carbon (MDC) has been prepared simple carbonization route and modified with nitrogen (N-MDC) using hexamethylenetetramine as nitrogen source. The N-MDC shows superior sodium-ion storage performance, ensuing cost-effective manner of bio-waste to green energy application. Nitrogen-doped carbon delivered 218 mAh g −1 at a current density of 100 mA g −1 after 200 cycles. Bioresource wastages are efficient pioneer of sustainable carbon production. In this study, we explore a simple method to synthesize nitrogen-doped hard carbon from agricultural waste of mushroom bags and used as an anode material for sodium-ion storage applications. The physico-chemical properties and electrochemical measurements are systematically analyzed and compared with as-prepared mushroom-derived pristine carbon (MDC) and nitrogen-doped carbon (N-MDC). The N-MDC sample shows higher atomic percentage of pyridine N content. The N-MDC-used electrode cell exhibits better reversible capacity and rate capability than that of pristine MDC. The specific capacity of N-MDC delivers 218 mAh g −1 at a current density of 100 mA g −1 after 200 cycles. The impedance result of N-MDC is reduced from 38.7 to 21.3 Ω. In addition, the diffusion coefficient of Na + has been increased from 1.55 × 10 –12 to 1.58 × 10 –11  cm 2  s −1 after the N-doping process. This research is not only solved the problem of biomass waste disposal but also produced valuable functional carbon materials to utilize the high-performance eco-friendly energy storage applications. Graphical abstract

Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) exhibit considerable potential for future grid-scale energy storage and wearable digital electronic applications. ZIBs are promising alternatives to current Li-ion batteries owing to their environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, abundant resources, high safety, and sufficient gravimetric energy density. However, to date, there remain challenges in finding suitable cathode materials with high working potentials, excellent electrochemical performance, and satisfactory structural stability that severely hinder the practical applications of ZIBs. To achieve the full potential of aqueous ZIBs (AZIBs), extensive research efforts are required to design and develop high-performance cathode materials. This minireview provides a concise overview of the fundamental and recent developments and challenges in cathode materials for AZIBs. First, the fundamental chemical parameters, constraints, and techniques of metallic Zn anodes are emphasized. Subsequently, several types of cathode materials are categorized and discussed in terms of their structural and electrochemical performance, challenges, and approaches to enhance their electrochemical performance. Special emphasis is placed on two important cathodes, manganese and vanadium oxide cathodes, which are rapidly developing state-of-the-art ZIB cathodes. The authors pay special attention to the mechanistic study and structural transformation of cathode materials based on Zn intercalation and deintercalation chemistry. Finally, the current issues and future perspectives in the AZIB field are discussed. Graphical abstract

Sustainable development has by now become an element deeply integrated in the everyday design. It has many shades and may be found under many names. We speak about resiliency in design and procurement of passive, ecologic, plus energy, or nZEB buildings. Nevertheless, if we look closely, we may distinguish certain characteristic ideas. First, sustainable development of societies and urbanization processes should be consistent on a deeper level than presently, and be included within design processes, organization, and planning, as well as modernization and redevelopment procedures of existing urban tissue. Secondly, urbanization should be perceived holistically, as an interaction and harmonious development of both natural and manmade environments, with solutions based on the best technical and technological standards available. Lastly, described ideas are achievable only, if we include continuous cooperation between urban planners, architects, specialist consultants, as well as energy-efficient interdisciplinary solutions to achieve high standard energy measures. One of the thresholds is economic feasibility; the other is health and well-being of the users which should always be discussed as a priority. This paper—outside a brief theoretical approach to initial procedures in design management—will dwell on transformation and modernization of an existing building belonging to the Warsaw University of Technology, one of the oldest universities in Poland, its founding dating back to the beginning of the twentieth century. In 2015, a Nordic Finance Mechanism grant dedicated to the nZEB technology transfer from Norway to Poland was awarded to a group of researchers from Warsaw University of Technology and NTNU Trondheim. The main aim of the project is implementation of nZEB knowledge in Poland, as well as preparation of two integrated concept designs for public (University) buildings as exemplary case studies which could act as the benchmarks for other public buildings.