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Symbolism and symbolic representation serve as mechanisms for ambiguity creation, deepening meaning, engaging the reader in meaning-making, and transitioning from monosemy to polysemy. The advent of modernity, exposure to Western poetic movements—particularly Symbolism—and the oppressive sociopolitical atmosphere following the Constitutional Revolution have significantly influenced both the quantitative and qualitative transformation of symbols in Persian poetry. The interrelation and synergy of symbols, as well as the discovery of their structural connections through the extraction of \"macro-symbols\" and \"organic symbols\", provide novel methodologies for understanding the role of symbolism in contemporary Persian poetry. This study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the structural relationships of symbols and symbolic networks within the poetry of Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei, identifying them as the most significant stylistic component of his literary expression. Through theoretical discussions and the extraction of micro-symbols (as fundamental quantitative units), the research delves into macro-symbols and organic symbols as structural symbolic networks in Mirzaei’s ghazals. The findings indicate that Mirzaei’s poetic symbols achieve meaning through systematic interconnections, wherein the interplay between organic and macro-symbols predominates. That is, the poet strategically positions recurrent macro-symbols at the core of one or multiple ghazals, utilizing them as organic symbols.    Keywords: Symbol, Symbolic Networks, Organic Symbol, Macro-symbol, Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei.     Introduction This research examines the symbolic structures within the poetry of Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei, a prominent neo-ghazal poet of the 1990s. The objective is a systematic analysis of the symbols and uncovering their interrelated patterns throughout his poetry. The scope of the study includes an investigation into the types of symbols employed, the organic structure of symbols within the ghazal, and their network formation across Mirzaei’s poetic compositions.  The primary research question concerns how symbols interact within Mirzaei’s poetry to create a cohesive and meaningful network, and how these structural connections contribute to the comprehension of the deeper semantic layers of his poetry. A thorough examination of the symbolic system within neo-ghazal poetry and the presentation of a precise framework for its analysis are among the core objectives of this study.  While extensive prior research has addressed the role of symbolism in Persian poetry, fewer studies have explored the symbolic networks and their structural relationships in literary texts. Works by Baraheni (2001) and Fotouhi (2006, 2008) in this field serve as foundational references for the present analysis.  The four research questions of the study include:  What connections exist among symbols in Mirzaei’s poetry? Can an organic and structured symbolic system be identified within a single ghazal? Which symbols can be considered the dominant macro-symbols of his poetry? What symbolic networks emerge within his poetry? This study is based on the premise that the symbols employed in Mirzaei’s poetry exhibit structured and meaningful interrelationships, and that their analysis facilitates the identification of symbolic connections and semantic frameworks within his poetic compositions. Additionally, the study addresses the evolution of symbolism in neo-ghazal poetry, providing a comparative perspective on stylistic patterns in contemporary Persian poetry.    Materials and Methods This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the symbolic structure in Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei’s poetry. The study is based on a content analysis of the collection Ghazal-e Hezareh-ye Digar, comprising 71 ghazals, conducted through library-based research methods.  The structural analysis of symbols employs an inductive methodology. Initially, micro-symbols are extracted as foundational elements, enabling the identification of macro-symbols and organic symbols. Macro-symbols, due to their high frequency and broad semantic extension in Mirzaei’s poetry, play a pivotal role in his stylistic identity. Conversely, organic symbols emerge within the framework of a single ghazal and, through interaction with other imagery, contribute to the deepening of semantic layers.  The study is centered on two primary analytical axes:  Analysis of Macro-Symbols: Identification of symbols that frequently appear in Mirzaei’s poetry and transcend conventional lexical usage. Examination of Organic Symbols: Analysis of symbolic networks that develop within a single ghazal, influencing the overall semantic framework of the composition. The methodology involves a systematic extraction of symbols, their classification, and the examination of structural relationships among them. Utilizing textual analysis models, this research explores symbolic interactions across different poetic levels, with particular emphasis on ghazals where organic symbolic interconnections are more pronounced.    Research Findings The study aims to explore the symbolic system in Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei’s ghazals by analyzing linguistic data to extract semantic networks of symbols. The symbols used in his poetry primarily fall into two categories: human-related symbols and environmental symbols. Human-related symbols encompass tools, travel, locations, time references, characters, and cultural elements, which are highly prevalent in Mirzaei’s poetry. This reflects the poet’s focus on urban spaces and the psychological dimensions of contemporary life. Objects such as mirrors, chairs, tables, windows, and umbrellas play a central role in shaping themes of identity, memory, anticipation, and existential exploration. Additionally, travel and associated elements such as trains, roads, stations, and bridges symbolize movement, transformation, and the desire to escape environmental constraints.  Conversely, environmental symbols include natural phenomena, animals, plants, and celestial bodies. Frequently recurring elements such as clouds, wind, rain, the sea, and stones symbolize themes of impermanence, longing, sorrow, and hope. Unlike traditional Persian poetry, fish in Mirzaei’s works is employed as a metaphor for the modern individual and their social conditions.  Another significant finding is the role of organic symbols in Mirzaei’s poetry. These symbols function as central thematic pillars within a ghazal, shaping surrounding imagery. Examples such as windows, travel, clouds, and tables form intricate symbolic networks that enhance semantic depth and influence interpretative frameworks.    Discussion of Results and Conclusions The findings of the study indicate that symbols in Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei’s poetry attain meaning through macro-symbolic and organic interconnections rather than as isolated and fragmented elements.  Dominant symbols include mirrors, travel, windows, fish, and chairs, which, when interacting with other poetic elements, construct intricate symbolic networks. Windows and travel represent aspirations for liberation and transformation, whereas mirrors and chairs reflect introspection and mental constraints. Additionally, natural and cosmic symbols such as clouds, rain, stars, and night significantly contribute to the emotional and philosophical dimensions of his poetry.  From a Jungian psychological perspective, Mirzaei’s symbolism embodies an unconscious interplay between confinement and freedom, stillness and movement, past and future. The interconnections among objects and situations underscore the stylistic coherence of his poetic vision.

From ancient Persia to the Third Reich, imperial powers have built cities in their image, seeking to reflect their power and influence through a show of magnificence and a reflection of their values. Statues, pictures, temples, palaces --all combine to produce the necessary justification for the wielding of power while intimidating opponents. In this work, Geoffrey Parker traces the very nature of power through history by exploring the structural symbolism of these cities. Traveling from Persepolis to Constantinople, Saint Petersburg to Beijing and Delhi, Parker considers how these structures and monuments were brought together to make the most powerful statement and how that power was wielded to the greatest advantage. A fascinating history of some of the world's most intriguing cities, past and present.

Given the ubiquity of handwriting and mathematical content in human transactions, machine recognition of handwritten mathematical text and symbols has become a domain of great practical scope and significance. Recognition of mathematical expression (ME) has remained a challenging and emerging research domain, with mathematical symbol recognition (MSR) as a requisite step in the entire recognition process. Many variations in writing styles and existing dissimilarities among the wide range of symbols and recurring characters make the recognition tasks strenuous even for Optical Character Recognition. The past decade has witnessed the emergence of recognition techniques and the peaking interest of several researchers in this evolving domain. In light of the current research status associated with recognizing handwritten math symbols, a systematic review of the literature seems timely. This article seeks to provide a complete systematic analysis of recognition techniques, models, datasets, sub-stages, accuracy metrics, and accuracy details in an extracted form as described in the literature. A systematic literature review conducted in this study includes pragmatic studies until the year 2021, and the analysis reveals Support Vector Machine (SVM) to be the most dominating recognition technique and symbol recognition rate to be most frequently deployed accuracy measure and other interesting results in terms of segmentation, feature extraction and datasets involved are vividly represented. The statistics of mathematical symbols-related papers are shown, and open problems are identified for more advanced research. Our study focused on the key points of earlier research, present work, and the future direction of MSR.

\"If the canoe is a symbol of Canada, what kind of Canada does it symbolize? Inheriting a Canoe Paddle looks at how the canoe has come to symbolize love of Canada for non-aboriginal Canadians and provides a critique of this identification's unintended consequences for First Nations. Written with an engaging, personal style, it is both a scholarly examination and a personal reflection, delving into representations of canoes and canoeing in museum displays, historical re-enactments, travel narratives, the history of wilderness expeditions, artwork, film, and popular literature.

In the present paper, we characterize the Fredholmness of Toeplitz pairs on Hardy space over the bidisk with the bounded holomorphic symbols, and hence, we obtain the index formula for such Toeplitz pairs. The key to obtain the Fredholmness of such Toeplitz pairs is the \\(L^p\\) solution of Corona Problem over \\( D^2\\).

Mathematical orthography comprises knowledge of mathematical symbols and the conventions for combining those symbols. For example, in the expression x3 + 3x, the positions of the symbol \"3\" in each term dictate its meanings in the expression. To be successful mathematical problem solvers, people need to know these conventional orthographic patterns. In this study, mathematical orthography skills were assessed in an online format for 189 adults using a timed dichotomous symbol-decision task (e.g., are these expressions conventional? (|x| or ||x)). The symbol-decision task predicted unique variance in whole-number arithmetic, word problem solving, and algebra, controlling for verbal working memory. These results support the role of individual differences in mathematical orthography as a predictor of advanced mathematical skills. In contrast, a written language orthography task only predicted unique variance in word problem solving, where participants read texts. The role of mathematical orthography should be considered in models of mathematical cognition. L'orthographe mathématique englobe la connaissance des symboles mathématiques et des conventions de combinaison de ces symboles. Par exemple, dans l'expression x3 + 3x, les positions du symbole « 3 » dans chaque terme dictent leurs significations dans l'expression. Pour réussir à résoudre des problèmes mathématiques, il faut connaître ces schémas orthographiques conventionnels. Dans cette étude, les compétences en orthographe mathématique ont été évaluées en ligne chez 189 adultes au moyen d'une tâche dichotomique chronométrée de décision-symbole (par exemple : ces expressions sont-elles conventionnelles ? (|x| ou ||x)). La tâche de décision-symbole a prédit une variance unique dans l'arithmétique des nombres entiers, la résolution de problèmes de mots et l'algèbre, en contrôlant la mémoire de travail verbale. Ces résultats confirment le rôle des différences individuelles dans l'orthographe mathématique en tant que facteur prédictif des compétences mathématiques avancées. En revanche, une tâche d'orthographe du langage écrit n'a prédit qu'une variance unique dans la résolution de problèmes de mots, où les participants lisent des textes. Le rôle de l'orthographe mathématique devrait être pris en compte dans les modèles de cognition mathématique. Public Significance Statement Students' understanding of mathematical symbols is closely linked to their proficiency in arithmetic and algebra, highlighting the critical role of symbol knowledge in mathematical skills development.

We develop cohomological interpretations for several types of automorphic forms for Hecke triangle groups of infinite covolume. We then use these interpretations to establish explicit isomorphisms between spaces of automorphic forms, cohomology spaces and spaces of eigenfunctions of transfer operators. These results show a deep relation between spectral entities of Hecke surfaces of infinite volume and the dynamics of their geodesic flows.

Symbol-pair codes are proposed to protect against pair-errors in symbol-pair read channels. The research of symbol-pair codes with the largest possible minimum symbol-pair distance is of great significance since such codes have the best error-correcting capability. A symbol-pair code meeting the Singleton bound is called a maximum distance separable (MDS) symbol-pair code. In this paper, two new classes of MDS symbol-pair codes are proposed by utilizing repeated-root cyclic codes over finite fields with odd characteristic. It should be noted that these codes have minimum symbol-pair distance ten or twelve.

Several text symbol lists for common rock-forming minerals have been published over the last 40 years, but no internationally agreed standard has yet been established. This contribution presents the first International Mineralogical Association (IMA) Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) approved collection of 5744 mineral name abbreviations by combining four methods of nomenclature based on the Kretz symbol approach. The collection incorporates 991 previously defined abbreviations for mineral groups and species and presents a further 4753 new symbols that cover all currently listed IMA minerals. Adopting IMA–CNMNC approved symbols is considered a necessary step in standardising abbreviations by employing a system compatible with that used for symbolising the chemical elements.