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Discussion is provided on the recent reduction to synonymy of seven Bolivian and Peruvian taxa of the genus Fernandezia.

In the first part of the article, the itinerary of binomials will be briefly illustrated from their first attestations in the classical context up to the forms that they took in the Latin and Romance production of medieval writers like the Stilnovist poets and Dante. In the Divina Commedia, the figure is used with unprecedented versatility, also in relation to the synonymous component. In the second part we will briefly present the different binomial typologies and the corresponding expressive outcomes, with particular reference to the configurations of synonymous links, whose peculiarities frequently open up new semantic perspectives.

The reinstatement of the generic name Petrogenia is proposed, from synonymy under Bonamia, as an accepted genus of Convolvulaceae.

An update on nomenclature and taxonomy within the genus Xylobium is provided. The distribution of Xylobium miliaceum is extended from western South America to Venezuela. Xylobium subpulchrum is treated as a new synonym of X. stanhopeifolium. Miscellaneous notes are provided on overlooked transfers, misidentifications, and prior synonymy.

Microbial taxonomy is increasingly influenced by genome-based computational methods. Yet such analyses can be complex and require expert knowledge. Here we introduce TYGS, the Type (Strain) Genome Server, a user-friendly high-throughput web server for genome-based prokaryote taxonomy, connected to a large, continuously growing database of genomic, taxonomic and nomenclatural information. It infers genome-scale phylogenies and state-of-the-art estimates for species and subspecies boundaries from user-defined and automatically determined closest type genome sequences. TYGS also provides comprehensive access to nomenclature, synonymy and associated taxonomic literature. Clinically important examples demonstrate how TYGS can yield new insights into microbial classification, such as evidence for a species-level separation of previously proposed subspecies of Salmonella enterica . TYGS is an integrated approach for the classification of microbes that unlocks novel scientific approaches to microbiologists worldwide and is particularly helpful for the rapidly expanding field of genome-based taxonomic descriptions of new genera, species or subspecies. Information on type material is of fundamental importance in prokaryote taxonomy. Here, the authors develop TYGS, the Type (Strain) Genome Server, for genome-based prokaryote taxonomy and analysis using a comprehensive database of genomic and taxonomic data.

Even though it is sometimes argued that synonymy is undesirable in legal language, legal language is not devoid of it. In fact, legal language involves cases of syntactical synonymy and lexical synonymy as well as cases of absolute and partial synonymy. Therefore synonymy must be addressed in a legal translation classroom to make trainees aware of all the issues that it may involve, as well as of the fact that terms that may be perceived as synonymous by laypeople are not actually synonymous to lawyers (e.g. murder, homicide, manslaughter). What also needs to be addressed in a legal translation classroom are situations of near-synonyms, whose usage is governed by collocational or contextual restrictions (e.g. breach, violate, infringe) and sometimes involves slight nuances in meaning (e.g. liability v. responsibility, or unlawful, illegal, illicit, etc.). This article introduces a step-by-step approach designed to introduce legal translation trainees to a variety of issues related to (non-)synonymy in legal language, and presents a series of exercises that have been prepared to this end in line with the scaffolding approach. Although the exercises are designed for the English–Czech language pair, they are easily transferable to any teaching context involving English.

Discussion is provided on the recent reduction to synonymy of seven Bolivian and Peruvian taxa of the genus Fernandezia.

Continuing herbarium and literature research on Malesian orchids has identified seven new synonyms, the necessity for two combinations, and one new record. The new transfers are Dyakia cruikshankii and Oberonioides latifiana.

A new species of the genus Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852 is described, Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) axeli sp. nov. from the Salvage Islands. The synonymy of Sphingonotus (Neosphingonotus) asper (Brullé, 1840) with Sphingonotus (Neosphingonotus) pachecoi (Bolívar, 1908) is established and an updated list of currently known taxa from the other Macaronesian Islands is provided. Keywords: Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores, Selvagem Grande, synonymy

Eleutho Thomson, 1864, is synonymized with Eburia Lacordaire, 1830. A lectotype is designated for Cerambyx quadrimaculatus Linnaeus, 1767, and its true identity is discussed and established. The type species of Dissacanthus (currently considered a synonym of Eburia ) and the synonymy between Cerambyx quadrimaculatus Fabricius, 1775, and Cerambyx quadrimaculatus Linnaeus, 1767, are discussed. Coeleburia Thomson, 1861, and Drymo Thomson, 1864, are revalidated. Almost all species currently allocated to Eburia are transferred to Coeleburia . Solangella Martins, 1997, is synonymized with Coeleburia , and Pantomallus meridanus Bates, 1872, returns to the original combination; the impossibility of locating the holotype of P. meridanus is discussed. The following specific synonymies are proposed: Eburia binodosa Gahan, 1895, is considered a junior synonym of E. thoracica (White, 1853); Eburia bauri Linell, 1899, is synonymized with Pantomallus proletarius (Erichson, 1847); Eburia porulosa var. porifera Bates, 1892, is synonymized with Eburia porulosa Bates, 1892; Eburia sexnotata Boheman, 1859, is transferred to Beraba Martins, 1997, and Beraba moema Martins, 1997, is considered its junior synonym. Cerambyx ramphygeus Linnaeus, 1767, is revalidated, and the origin of the description is revealed for the first time. The problematic allocation of Eburia pedestris White, 1853, is discussed, and notes on Eburia tetrastalacta White, 1853, are provided. Coeleburia rufobrunnea Perroud, 1855, is redescribed based on a male; the status of its type material is corrected, and one of the syntypes is illustrated for the first time. The correct illustration of Coeleburia pilosa (Erichson, 1834) in the original description is reinforced. The identity of Eburia sexnotata sensu Martins (1997) is corrected.