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Fusion tags to enhance heterologous protein expression
Escherichia coli is the most widely used heterologous protein expression system. However, this system remains a challenge due to the low solubility of proteins, insufficient yield, and inclusion body formation. Numerous approaches have sought to address these issues. The use of a fusion tag is one of the most powerful strategies for obtaining large amounts of heterologous protein in E. coli expression system. Here, recent advances in fusion tags that increase the expression of proteins are reviewed. In addition, proposed concepts for designing peptide tags to increase protein expression are discussed.
Journal Article
Five flying penguins
Five little penguins flee from a seal, flying through the water, and find themselves in an innocent game of tag.
Book
UHF RFID Conductive Fabric Tag Design Optimization
This paper presents the design of a 920 MHz Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band radio frequency identification (RFID) conductive fabric tag antenna. The DC (Direct Current) resistance and impedance of the conductive fabric are measured by a DC multimeter and by a network analyzer at a UHF frequency band. The conductivities of the fabrics are calculated with their measured DC resistance and impedance values, respectively. The conductivities of the fabric are inserted into the CST simulation program to simulate the fabric tag antenna designs, and the results of the tag designs with two conductivities are compared. Two fabric UHF RFID tag antennas with a T-Matching structure, one with the name-tag size of 80 × 40 mm, and another with 40 × 23 are simulated and measured the characteristics of tag antennas. The simulated and measured results are compared by reflection coefficient S11, radar cross-section and reading range. The reading range of the 80 × 40 mm fabric tag antenna is about 4 m and 0.5 m for the 40 × 23 size tag. These fabric tags can be easily applied to an entrance control system as they can be attached to other fabrics and clothes.
Journal Article
3D Printed Long-Range Cavity Structure UHF RFID Tag Antenna with Painting Conductive Ink on Convex Surface
In this paper, we describe a long-range convex cavity-type passive ultra-high-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tag to use on various metal and non-metal surfaces, for IoT sensor energy harvesting. The tag antenna is built on the 3D printed cavity structure with polylactic acid (PLA) plastic and painted with the conductive ink on the 1 mm protruding area (convex) of inner surface and the side-walls of the cavity structure to form a cavity structure. The tag is designed to operate in the UHF band (840–960 MHz). This long-range cavity tag antenna (CTA) works at both 920 MHz and 915 MHz UHF RFID frequencies. It provides a linear polarized (LP) frontal reading range of 35 m and side reading range above 15 m when mounted on either metal or non-metal objects. We describe the antenna characteristics, structure, modeling, simulation, and experimental results. A mathematical reading range also was calculated and compared with experimental data.
Journal Article
Long-Range UHF RFID Tag for Automotive License Plate
In this paper, various locations of an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag on automotive license plates have been considered based on the radiation pattern of the tag antenna. A small, 130 × 50 mm, passive loop antenna type UHF RFID tag for an automotive license plate was simulated with an EM simulation CST program. It was designed to have a larger back-lobe radiation pattern since the front side of the tag faces the back side of the plate holder to protect the tag antenna from bugs and dust when the automobile runs. The tag was attached to the side of a license plate holder with a dimension of 520 × 110 mm, the typical size of the standard license plate. The reflection coefficient of the tag antenna is −21 dB at 920 MHz, and the gain of the tag antenna is 6.29 dBi at the back-lobe. The reading range of the tag antenna with the plate holder, which was measured in an open field, is about 10.3 m, and the reading range of the tag installed on the bumper from the front of the vehicle is 9.4 m. The tag antenna is small enough to apply to a real automobile, and it is applicable because it uses the back-lobe pattern, so it does not require an extra device for protection from damage.
Journal Article
The use of external electronic tags on fish: an evaluation of tag retention and tagging effects
External tagging of fish with electronic tags has been used for decades for a wide range of marine and freshwater species. In the early years of fish telemetry research, it was the most commonly used attachment method, but later internal implants became preferred. Recently, the number of telemetry studies using external tagging has increased, especially with the development of archival tags (data storage tags, DSTs), pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) and other environment-sensing tags. Scientific evaluations of the tagging method are rather scarce for most species. We identified 89 publications, reporting effects of external tagging for 80 different fish species, which constitute the main basis for this review. External attachment holds certain benefits compared to other tagging methods, for example, speed of application, and it may be the only option for fishes with a body shape unsuitable for surgical implantation, or when using tags with sensors recording the external environment. The most commonly reported problems with external tags are tissue damage, premature tag loss, and decreased swimming capacity, but the effects are highly context dependent and species specific. Reduced growth and survival have also been recorded, but direct mortality caused by external tagging seems rare. Most of the studies reviewed evaluate tag retention, survival, and tissue reactions. There is a general need for more research on the effects of external tagging of fish with electronic tags, but particularly there are few studies on predation risk, social interactions, and studies distinguishing capture and handling effects from tagging effects. For PSATs, especially those that are large relative to fish size, there are particular problems with a high proportion of premature tag losses, reduced swimming capacity, and likely increased predation, but there remains a paucity of tag effect studies related to the use of PSATs. Before embarking on a field study employing external tagging with electronic tags, we recommend the use of appropriate pilot studies, controlled where possible, to quantify potential impacts of tagging. Telemetry, Tag attachment, Archival tag, PSAT, Survival, Tissue damage, Tag retention, Growth, Swimming, Drag, Entanglement, Biofouling, Predation
Journal Article
Longest-Range UHF RFID Sensor Tag Antenna for IoT Applied for Metal and Non-Metal Objects
This paper presents a passive cavity type Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag antenna having the longest read-range, and compares it with existing long-range UHF RFID tag antenna. The study also demonstrates mathematically and experimentally that our proposed longest-range UHF RFID cavity type tag antenna has a longer read-range than existing passive tag antennas. Our tag antenna was designed with 140 × 60 × 10 mm3 size, and reached 26 m measured read-range and 36.3 m mathematically calculated read-range. This UHF tag antenna can be applied to metal and non-metal objects. By adding a further sensing capability, it can have a great benefit for the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSN).
Journal Article
Ear Tag and PIT Tag Retention by White-tailed Deer
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been marked with various tags for a wide variety of applications, such as longitudinal, movement, disease, and mark–recapture studies. Tag persistence is critical to all these applications. We used nest survival models in Program MARK to estimate tag retention from 1) 832 free-range white-tailed deer marked with large plastic ear tags in both ears and Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags in the leg and at the base of the ear, and 2) 412 free-range deer marked with metal ear tags in both ears, captured in Texas, USA, 1997–2007. We calculated tag retention from 401 captive deer marked with 2 types of Electronic Identification (EID) ear tags (button or combi) in one ear and 36 captive deer marked with small plastic ear tags in one ear. Annual retention rates were greatest for button EID tags (0.992; 0.983–0.998), combi EID tags (0.979; 0.953–0.996), small plastic ear tags (0.978; 0.965–0.995), and large plastic ear tags (0.958; 0.950–0.965). Passive integrated transponder tags at the base of the ear (0.923; 0.910–0.935) and metal tags (0.909; 0.891–0.924) had fair retention rates. Passive integrated transponder tags placed in the leg (0.779; 0.758–0.800) had the lowest retention rate. Although many factors influence tag selection, EID tags and both small and large plastic tags demonstrate the greatest annual retention rates of both captive and free-range, marked deer.
Journal Article
An Efficient Early-breaking-estimation and Tree-splitting Missing RFID Tag Identification Protocol
Retailers grapple with inventory losses primarily due to missing items, prompting the need for efficient missing tag identification methods in large-scale RFID systems. Among them, few works considered the effect of unexpected unknown tags on the missing tag identification process. With the presence of unknown tags, some missing tags may be falsely identified as present. Thus, the system’s reliability is hardly guaranteed. To resolve these challenges, we propose an efficient early-breaking-estimation and tree-splitting-based missing tag identification (ETMTI) protocol for large-scale RFID systems. ETMTI employs innovative early-breaking-estimation and deactivation methods to swiftly handle unknown tags. Subsequently, a tree-splitting-based missing tag identification method is proposed, employing a B-ary splitting tree, to rapidly identify missing tags. Additionally, a bit-tracking response strategy is implemented to reduce processing time. Theoretical analysis is conducted to determine optimal parameters for ETMTI. Simulation results illustrate that our proposed ETMTI protocol significantly outperforms benchmark methods, offering a shorter processing time and a lower false negative rate.
Journal Article