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The marine food‐processing industries were producing large quantities of shell wastes as a discard. Currently, this waste material was underutilized and leads to the landfill as a significant environmental issue. The outer shells or exoskeletons of mollusks serve as the best source of chitin. Three different allomorphs of chitin (γ, β, and γ) were extracted from different species of crustaceans, mollusks, and fungi. β‐Allomorphs predominantly exist in the shells of mollusks. β‐Chitin and its deacetylated product chitosan has been utilized for its special characteristic features, including biocompatibility, environmental friendly, and nontoxic properties. The extraction of β‐chitin and chitosan from the mollusk shell waste were evaluated in this work. Hence, this review aims to explore edible mollusk shell waste sources and its suitable extraction techniques, characterizations, and functional properties of mollusk‐based β‐chitin and chitosan. Further, the genetic pathway of synthesizing mollusk chitin was discussed. The entire life cycle assessment with techno‐economic aspects were extrapolated to study the bottlenecks and tangible solution for the industrial upscaling of obtaining β‐chitin and chitosan from the edible mollusk shell waste have been reviewed herein. This review explores the edible mollusk shell waste sources and its suitable extraction techniques, characterizations, and functional properties of β‐chitin and chitosan. Further, the genetic pathway of synthesizing mollusk chitin and chitosan was discussed. The entire life cycle assessment with techno‐economic aspects were extrapolated to study the bottlenecks and tangible solution for the industrial upscaling of obtaining β‐chitin and chitosan from the edible mollusk shell waste have been reviewed.

Accelerating the commercialization of CO2 electroreduction is essential for carbon utilization, yet it faces challenges of precious metal catalysts cost and scaling‐up of the corresponding devices. In this study, a low‐cost and tri‐coordinated single‐atom catalyst (SAC) with Ni‐N3 center is fabricated in gram‐scale using metal ionic liquids as precursor. The gram‐scale Ni‐N3 SAC (g‐NiN3) achieves efficient electroreduction of CO2 to CO (eCO2‐to‐CO) with a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 98.9% at 2.8 V in a 2 × 2 cm2 membrane electrode assembly (MEA) cell, and CO selectivity exceeds 90% during 100 h electrolysis at 100 mA·cm−2. Moreover, the g‐NiN3 is tested in a scale‐up MEA reactor (10 × 10 cm2), which can not only show 97.1% CO Faradaic efficiency with a reaction current of 6.07 A but also achieves a CO2 single‐pass conversion of 41.0%, corresponding to energy efficiency of the system as high as 43.1%. The overall performance of g‐NiN3 is one of the state‐of‐the‐art systems for eCO2‐to‐CO. In addition, the scale‐up device stably generates CO at a high rate of 12.0 L·kW·h−1 over continuous CO2 electrolysis. The techno‐economic assessment demonstrates that the eCO2‐to‐CO using g‐NiN3 can realize CO production cost of 1.08 $·kg−1, and shows great profitability prospects in the future. A low‐cost and tri‐coordinated SAC (g‐NiN3) is prepared in gram‐scale using metal ionic liquid [Bmim]2[NiCl4] as precursors. The g‐NiN3 achieves an excellent overall performance for eCO2‐to‐CO in a large‐scale MEA reactor. The overall performance in g‐NiN3 is superior to that of commercial Ag nanopowders, and manifests as one of the state‐of‐the‐art systems for eCO2‐to‐CO.

The potential of bio-electro-jet fuel (BEJF) production with integration into an existing biomass-based combined heat and power (CHP) facility was investigated. The BEJF is produced via Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) synthesis from biogenic CO2 and H2 obtained by water electrolysis. Techno-economic (TEA)- and life. cycle (LCA)- assessments were performed to evaluate the production cost and environmental impact of the BEJF production route. The BEJF mass fraction reached 40% of the total F–T crude produced. A reduction of 78% in heating demands was achieved through energy integration, leading to an increase in the thermal efficiency by up to 39%, based on the F–T crude. The total production cost of BEJF was in the range of EUR 1.6–2.5/liter (EUR 169–250/MWh). The GWP of the BEJF was estimated to be 19 g CO2-eq per MJ BEJF. The reduction potential in GWP in contrast to the fossil jet baseline fuel varied from 44% to more than 86%. The findings of this study underline the potential of BEJF as a resource-efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally benign alternative for the aviation sector. The outcome is expected to be applicable to different geographical locations or industrial networks when the identified influencing factors are met.

This paper presents a comprehensive techno‐economic assessment framework for grid‐connected photovoltaic systems, integrating a binary genetic algorithm (BGA) optimization with detailed simulation tools. The study addresses optimal siting and sizing of two solar plants (865 and 739 kWp) in Karaj, Iran, using MATLAB for BGA implementation, PVsyst for system performance analysis, and RETScreen for economic evaluation. Compared to conventional hybrid genetic‐analytical algorithm (GA‐IA), the proposed BGA achieved 9.9% lower power losses (0.146 vs. 0.162 MW) and superior voltage profile enhancement. Technical simulations demonstrated robust system performance with annual average PRs of 84.4% and 83.4%, yielding energy productions of 1725.5 and 1458.6 MWh for the Site1 and Site2, respectively. Economic analysis under a feed‐in tariff of 0.0361/kWh revealed attractive financial indicators, including internal rates of return of 23.8%–25.9% and payback periods (PBPs) of 4.9–5 years. Environmental assessment showed significant emission reduction potential of 16,563–13,943 tons CO₂ over 20 years, while grid integration analysis confirmed peak load reduction of 1.46 MW during critical demand periods. This research provides valuable insights for renewable energy planning, offering a validated methodology for sustainable power system development in regions with high solar potential. This study introduces an integrated optimization framework using a binary genetic algorithm (BGA) for optimal siting and sizing of two solar plants (865 and 739 kWp) in Karaj, Iran. The BGA outperformed conventional methods, achieving a 24.3% reduction in power losses and enhanced voltage stability. Technical simulations (PVsyst) confirmed high performance ratios (84.4%), while economic analysis (RETScreen) showed attractive returns (IRR: 24.7%–25.6%, payback: 4.8–5 years). The plants also significantly reduce carbon emissions and peak grid load, supporting sustainable energy planning.

It is expected that Brazil could play an important role in biojet fuel (BJF) production in the future due to the long experience in biofuel production and the good agro‐ecological conditions. However, it is difficult to quantify the techno‐economic potential of BJF because of the high spatiotemporal variability of available land, biomass yield, and infrastructure as well as the technological developments in BJF production pathways. The objective of this research is to assess the recent and future techno‐economic potential of BJF production in Brazil and to identify location‐specific optimal combinations of biomass crops and technological conversion pathways. In total, 13 production routes (supply chains) are assessed through the combination of various biomass crops and BJF technologies. We consider temporal land use data to identify potential land availability for biomass production. With the spatial distribution of the land availability and potential yield of biomass crops, biomass production potential and costs are calculated. The BJF production cost is calculated by taking into account the development in the technological pathways and in plant scales. We estimate the techno‐economic potential by determining the minimum BJF total costs and comparing this with the range of fossil jet fuel prices. The techno‐economic potential of BJF production ranges from 0 to 6.4 EJ in 2015 and between 1.2 and 7.8 EJ in 2030, depending on the reference fossil jet fuel price, which varies from 19 to 65 US$/GJ across the airports. The techno‐economic potential consists of a diverse set of production routes. The Northeast and Southeast region of Brazil present the highest potentials with several viable production routes, whereas the remaining regions only have a few promising production routes. The maximum techno‐economic potential of BJF in Brazil could meet almost half of the projected global jet fuel demand toward 2030. We quantify the techno‐economic potential of biojet fuels (BJF) from energy crops through various biochemical and thermochemical conversion routes in Brazil between 2015 and 2030. Depending on local fossil jet fuel prices, up to 7.2 EJ of techno‐economic viable BJF could be supplied toward 2030, mainly sourced from the Southeast and Northeast regions, where land availability is high, and agro‐ecological conditions and existing infrastructure are adequate. These drivers are presented spatially explicitly, which is a key information for decentralizing energy policies and supporting the regional development of BJF supply chains.

The cooperative effect of climate change, rising fossil fuel prices and global fossil fuel depletion necessitates the production and use of renewable energy nationally and globally. The need for more energy‐producing methods is growing as energy consumption rises. A techno‐economic assessment (TEA) delivers an in‐depth analysis of the financial feasibility of these processes, informing investment choices and policy development for biofuel advancement. Three biological biomass‐to‐fuel conversion routes were investigated in this study: fermentation for bioethanol production, anaerobic digestion (AD) for biogas production and dark fermentation (DF) for biohydrogen production. Aspen Plus software simulations were performed to process 51840 kg/h sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The discounted cash flow method was used for economic assessment using the tax rate of 28% and the discount rate of 12%, with a straight‐line depreciation of 20% for 5 years. The plant life was assumed to be 25 years. The most profitable method was DF with an net present value (NPV) of 67.41 million USD, a payback period (PBP) of 3.3 years, an ROI of 1.51 and a PI of 7.95. Biogas production ranked second with an NPV of 37.57 million USD, a PBP of 4.4 years, an ROI of 1.16 and a PI of 5.85. Under conditions assumed in the study, bioethanol production was not feasible at all with the negative NPV. The project will not be able to recover its initial investment at the end of the plant's life.

This study proposes a novel cascade nanofluid‐based concentrated photovoltaic/thermal–thermoelectric generator (PV/T–TEG) combined system (CS4) to address the critical need for highly efficient and sustainable energy solutions. The system integrates photovoltaic and thermoelectric generator units with an advanced cooling system using nanofluid as coolants and optical filters to enhance solar energy conversion efficiency. The performance of the proposed configuration is investigated using a comprehensive mathematical simulation and is compared to conventional systems under various solar concentration ratios. The results outlined that the proposed CS4 system achieves a thermal efficiency of approximately 81.1% and an overall exergy efficiency of 18.75%. In terms of economic reliability, the system demonstrates an energy return on investment of 5.09:1 and a levelized cost of energy of0.017/kWh, with annual household savings of 439.32. Environmentally, the system mitigates emissions amounting to 7.8 tons. CO₂/year, equivalent to the emission of 1.52 cars, or the saving of 3.87 cubic meters of gasoline. Overall, the proposed CS4 hybrid system provides a highly viable and sustainable solution for solar power generation, offering superior performance metrics, substantial economic returns, and significant CO₂ emissions reductions. This innovative hybrid system offers a promising approach for advancing solar energy applications and a reliable solution for the energy transition process. A novel cascade nanofluid‐based PV/T–TEG hybrid system (CS4) achieves 81.1% thermal and 18.75% exergy efficiency while cutting CO₂ emissions by 7.8 tons year⁻¹. The system delivers superior energy performance, economic savings, and environmental benefits, offering a sustainable pathway for next‐generation solar energy applications.

Financial stability is essential for the sustainable operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as they require substantial resources but generate minimal revenue. In Mexico, a lack of funding resources and supporting policies has resulted in inefficient treatment and extensive surface water degradation. This work examines the positive impacts of treated sewage‐operated irrigation ponds equipped with floating photovoltaics on the WWTP's economic viability in central Mexico. These ponds will provide water for irrigation expansion in rainfed cornlands, and the harvested solar energy will be exported to the national grid to independently generate income. The turnover will cover capital and operational expenditures of WWTPs, irrigation ponds, FPV, and energy for irrigation. The proposal's performance is evaluated through techno‐economic and Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus assessments on municipal level. It is projected that by in‐situ recycling 35% of generated sewage, local corn growers could benefit from an additional 45 320 hectares (223%) of irrigated cornland, over 5 46 000 tons (132%) of corn grain production, and 139% more sales revenue. The overall power capacity of FPV units could reach 834 MW, and 1796 GWh of clean energy could be harvested annually. This example demonstrates the value proposition of irrigation ponds and FPVs on the sustainability of existing WWTPs globally. This study proposes integrating treated sewage irrigation ponds with floating photovoltaics to enhance wastewater treatment plants’ financial viability in the Atoyac River Basin, central Mexico. The model demonstrates potential to strengthen the water‐energy‐food nexus by recycling one‐third of sewage, increasing irrigation acreage on cornlands, boosting yields, generating clean energy, and securing the financial sustainability of the wastewater sector.

In response to the objective of fully attaining carbon neutrality by 2060, people from all walks of life are pursuing low-carbon transformation. Due to the high water cut in the middle and late phases of development, the oilfield’s energy consumption will be quite high, and the rise in energy consumption will lead to an increase in carbon emission at the same time. As a result, the traditional energy model is incapable of meeting the energy consumption requirement of high water cut oilfields in their middle and later phases of development. The present wind hydrogen coupling energy system was researched and coupled with the classic dispersed oilfield energy system to produce energy for the oilfields in this study. This study compares four future energy system models to existing ones, computes the energy cost and net present value of an oilfield in Northwest China, and proposes a set of economic evaluation tools for oilfield energy systems. The study’s findings indicate that scenario four provides the most economic and environmental benefits. This scenario effectively addresses the issue of high energy consumption associated with aging oilfields at this point, significantly reduces carbon emissions, absorbs renewable energy locally, and reduces the burden on the power grid system. Finally, sensitivity analysis is utilized to determine the effect of wind speed, electricity cost, and oilfield gas output on the system’s economic performance. The results indicate that the system developed in this study can be applied to other oilfields.

Recalcitrance of lignocellulosic feedstocks to depolymerization is a significant barrier for bioenergy production approaches that require conversion of monomeric carbohydrates to renewable energy sources. This study assesses how low‐cost modifications in the supply chain can be transformed into targeted pretreatments in the context of the entire bioenergy supply chain. This research aims to overcome the physiochemical barriers in corn stover that necessitate increased severity in downstream conversion in terms of chemical loading, temperature, and residence time. Corn stover samples were inoculated with a selective (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora) and nonselective (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) lignin‐degrading filamentous fungal strains, then stored aerobically to determine the working envelope for fungal pretreatment to achieve lignin degradation. Dry matter loss and gross chemical makeup of corn stover varied by the length of treatment (2 and 4 weeks) and by the moisture content of the treated corn stover samples (40% and 60%, wet basis). Dry matter loss in P. chrysosporium inoculated biomass was elevated compared to C. subvermispora inoculated biomass; however, treatment also induced additional chemical composition changes suggestive of depolymerization. These results highlight that fungal treatment approaches must balance the loss of convertible material with the potential for reduction in recalcitrance. Techno‐economic assessment (TEA) of fungal pretreatment in a short‐term queuing system indicated the viability of this approach compared to conventional queuing operations. Total queuing system cost was estimated at$1.65/ton of biomass stored. After applying the credit of $ 1.48/ton from energy savings in the conversion phase using fungal pretreated biomass, the total system cost was $0.80 lower than traditional biomass queuing approach. While the TEA results suggested that treating biomass with C. subvermispora is the most economically viable storage method in the designed fungal‐assisted queuing system, future research should focus on additional fungal depolymerization such as those observed in the P. chrysosporium inoculated biomass. Recalcitrance of lignocellulosic feedstocks to depolymerization is a significant barrier for bioenergy production approaches that require conversion of monomeric carbohydrates to renewable energy sources. This study assesses how low‐cost modifications in the supply chain can be transformed into targeted pretreatments in the context of the entire bioenergy supply chain. Techno‐economic assessment (TEA) of fungal pretreatment in a short‐term queuing system indicated the viability of this approach compared to conventional queuing operations.