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Recent advances in electrodes for noninvasive recording of electroencephalograms expand opportunities collecting such data for diagnosis of neurological disorders and brain–computer interfaces. Existing technologies, however, cannot be used effectively in continuous, uninterrupted modes for more than a few days due to irritation and irreversible degradation in the electrical and mechanical properties of the skin interface. Here we introduce a soft, foldable collection of electrodes in open, fractal mesh geometries that can mount directly and chronically on the complex surface topology of the auricle and the mastoid, to provide high-fidelity and long-term capture of electroencephalograms in ways that avoid any significant thermal, electrical, or mechanical loading of the skin. Experimental and computational studies establish the fundamental aspects of the bending and stretching mechanics that enable this type of intimate integration on the highly irregular and textured surfaces of the auricle. Cell level tests and thermal imaging studies establish the biocompatibility and wearability of such systems, with examples of high-quality measurements over periods of 2 wk with devices that remain mounted throughout daily activities including vigorous exercise, swimming, sleeping, and bathing. Demonstrations include a text speller with a steady-state visually evoked potential-based brain–computer interface and elicitation of an event-related potential (P300 wave). Significance Conventional electroencephalogram (EEG) recording systems, particularly the hardware components that form the physical interfaces to the head, have inherent drawbacks that limit the widespread use of continuous EEG measurements for medical diagnostics, sleep monitoring, and cognitive control. Here we introduce soft electronic constructs designed to intimately conform to the complex surface topology of the auricle and the mastoid, to provide long-term, high-fidelity recording of EEG data. Systematic studies reveal key aspects of the extreme levels of bending and stretching that are involved in mounting on these surfaces. Examples in persistent brain–computer interfaces, including text spellers with steady-state visually evoked potentials and event-related potentials, with viable operation over periods of weeks demonstrate important advances over alternative brain–computer interface technologies.

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have shown great potential in providing communication and control for individuals with severe motor disabilities. However, traditional BCIs that rely on electroencephalography (EEG) signals suffer from low information transfer rates and high variability across users. Recently, eye movement signals have emerged as a promising alternative due to their high accuracy and robustness. Eye movement signals are the electrical or mechanical signals generated by the movements and behaviors of the eyes, serving to denote the diverse forms of eye movements, such as fixations, smooth pursuit, and other oculomotor activities like blinking. This article presents a review of recent studies on the development of BCI typing systems that incorporate eye movement signals. We first discuss the basic principles of BCI and the recent advancements in text entry. Then, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest advancements in BCI typing systems that leverage eye movement signals. This includes an in-depth analysis of hybrid BCIs that are built upon the integration of electrooculography (EOG) and eye tracking technology, aiming to enhance the performance and functionality of the system. Moreover, we highlight the advantages and limitations of different approaches, as well as potential future directions. Overall, eye movement signals hold great potential for enhancing the usability and accessibility of BCI typing systems, and further research in this area could lead to more effective communication and control for individuals with motor disabilities. Graphical Abstract This article delves into three pivotal components of the BCI typing system: data, algorithms, and interaction. The system leverages eye movement and EEG data as inputs, which are processed through algorithms for data fusion, feature extraction, and classification to yield output results. Furthermore, it facilitates real-time interaction by providing visual feedback via an efficient user interface.

Webster's \"Blue-Backed Speller\" apparently had a very significant influence on the intellectual development of schoolchildren in the United States for more than a century. Some of the sentences in it that were construed to teach the meaning of words the children learned to spell were claimed also to teach fundamentals of economics. Examination of these sentences leads one to conclude that the claim was not warranted. In retrospect, the neglect of economic education in the \"Speller\" may be viewed as an important factor for a century or more in economic illiteracy of Americans.

Cet essai propose une étude de quatre versions d'un manuel de rites ayant trait à la confection et à l'utilisation de talismans et de sceaux (fuyin 符印) lesquels ont été conservés parmi des manuscrits de Dunhuang, sur les trois parchemins et le codex intitulés respectivement Pelliot Chinois 2153, 2602, 3874, and 3835. L'auteur explore la place de ces ouvrages dans les pratiques rituelles et textuelles qui sembleraient les avoir engendrés. En termes de pratiques rituelles, l'étude décrit le culte à Ruyilun 如意轮, la principale divinité tutélaire des sceaux, à la fin du moyen âge chinois et esquisse les grandes lignes du phénomène des sceaux rituels et des pratiques dans lesquels ils figuraient. Pour ce qui concerne les quatre versions, l'étude constate d'importantes divergences textuelles et de présentation, reflet d'une pratique très variable des copistes. Cette diversité se retrouve au niveau des sceaux tels qu'ils sont décrits et dessinés sur la page. Les variantes distinctives d'une version manuscrite à l'autre du texte — phénomène courant en codicologie — sont explorées ici comme l'expression des pratiques rituelles et des répertoires particuliers. L'article suggère enfin que ces manuscrits offrent le témoignage d'une culture religieuse dans laquelle le manuscrit et les pratiques rituelles étaient profondément liées.