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Power rectifiers from electrical traction systems, but not only, can be irreversibly damaged if the temperature of the semiconductor junction reaches high values to determine thermal runaway and melting. The paper proposes a mathematical model to calculate the junction and the case temperature in power diodes used in bridge rectifiers, which supplies an inductive-resistive load. The new thermal model may be used to investigate the thermal behavior of the power diodes in steady-state regime for various values of the tightening torque, direct current through the diode, airflow speed and load parameters (resistance and inductance). The obtained computed values were compared with 3D thermal simulation results and experimental tests. The calculated values are aligned with the simulation results and experimental data.

Carbon black (CB) is a very important material useful for various modern applications. There are a lot of attention currently on the extraction of a form of CB obtainable from waste tyres which is usually referred to as pyrolytic Carbon black (CBp). The authors investigated the pyrolysis process of a pyrolytic furnace built for the production of CBp using the thermal numerical principles to standardise the application. SolidWorks@ Flow Simulation software was used to replicate the process by supplying the initial conditions, the boundary conditions and the operating conditions guided by the numerical analysis. The simulated behaviour of the furnace was validated by the real-life experiments performed to produce CBp from the waste tyre.

Wettability at the surface of an implant material plays a key role in its success as it modulates the protein adsorption and thereby influences cell attachment and tissue integration at the interface. Hence, surface engineering of implantable materials to enhance wettability to physiological fluid under in vivo conditions is an area of active research. In light of this, in the present work, laser-based optical interference and direct melting techniques were used to develop synthetic microtextures on Ti–6Al–4V alloys, and their effects on wettability were studied systematically. Improved wettability to simulated body fluid and distilled water was observed for Ca–P coatings obtained by direct melting technique. This superior wettability was attributed to both the appropriate surface chemistry and the three-dimensional surface features obtained using this technique. To assert a better control on surface texture and wettability, a three-dimensional thermal model based on COMSOL's multiphysics was employed to predict the features obtained by laser melting technique. The effect of physical texture and wetting on biocompatibility of laser-processed Ca–P coatings was evaluated in the preliminary efforts on culturing of mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells.

The post-Caledonian thermal and geomorphological evolution of onshore Western Norway is poorly understood, including the formation and age of the high-elevation low-relief surfaces seen across the Norwegian landscape. We present new apatite fission track (AFT) and (U-Th-Sm)/He analyses from an elevation transect (ET) covering ∼1,800 m vertical distance below a high-elevation low-relief surface in the inner Nordfjord. The AFT ages increase with elevation from 159 ± 11 Ma to 256 ± 21 Ma and apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He ages increase with elevation from 80 ± 4 Ma to 277 ± 15 Ma. In order to test different possible thermal evolutions, we present the first multi-sample thermal history models from Norway using HeFTy combining both AFT and (U-Th-Sm)/He ages along the ET, refining available thermal history models for the area considerably. The best modeling results are found for a thermal evolution with slow cooling throughout the Mesozoic and increased cooling rates from the Late Cretaceous until present, indicating a Cenozoic age for the low-relief surface at the top of the transect. The models also allow for cooling to surface conditions in the Late Jurassic, but such an evolution must have been followed by rapid burial by 1.5–3 km Cretaceous sediments, and by re-exhumation in the Cenozoic, indicating that the low-relief surface cannot represent a simply uplifted Jurassic or Cretaceous peneplain. We compare our results with multi-sample models from the wider North Atlantic region, supporting previous findings of Cenozoic exhumation and landscape forming processes within that region.

The BiSPVT system involves an integration of semi-transparent photovoltaic (SPV) modules with buildings along with the provision of harvesting thermal energy. The system generates electrical and thermal energy for the building as well as provides day-lighting. However, during summer season the production of thermal energy is higher and thermal demand is lesser as compared to winter season. Also, the higher thermal energy production is unfavourable for the generation of electrical energy by SPV modules. The use of movable insulation (MI) on glazed wall can be one of the method to reduce the thermal energy generation. In this paper, a thermal model has been developed for BiSPVT system and the effect of MI on thermal performance of the system is studied. The energy balance equations are obtained for the inclined SPV modules (top), reinforced cement concrete (RCC) floor (bottom), air of room (SPV modules, floor and four brick/glazed side walls). The room temperature and SPV cell temperature are derived as a function of a) climatic parameters (solar irradiance and ambient temperature), b) design parameters and c) heat transfer coefficients by using the energy balance equations. It is found that by using MI with less or no air cavity thickness, the temperature of room has reduced by 1.93°C. However, the effect of MI on SPV cell temperature is marginal. The proposed model can be utilized to evaluate cell and room temperatures for BiSPVT system installed at different places of the world provided solar irradiance and ambient temperature of that place are known.

Vehicle electrification demands a deep analysis of the thermal problems in order to increase vehicle efficiency and battery life and performance. An efficient thermal management of an electrified vehicle has to involve every system of the vehicle. However, it is not sufficient to optimize the thermal behavior of each subsystem, but thermal management has to be considered at system level to optimize the global performance of the vehicle. The present paper provides an organic review of the current aspects of thermal management from a system engineering perspective. Starting from the definition of the requirements and targets of the thermal management system, each vehicle subsystem is analyzed and related to the whole system. In this framework, problems referring to modeling, simulation and optimization are considered and discussed. The current technological challenges and developments in thermal management are highlighted at vehicle and component levels.

Modern aircraft, ships, and offshore structures are increasingly constructed using fiber-reinforced composite materials. However, when subjected to lightning strikes, these materials can suffer significant structural and functional damage due to their electrical and thermal properties. This study aims to develop a novel finite element (FE) model to minimize the error in estimating the thermal damage caused during lightning strikes. This will aid in design and optimization of lightning protection systems. The developed model introduces a simplified numerical approach to model the lightning arc interaction with CFRP laminate. The existing FE model includes idealized loading conditions, leading to high error in estimation of severe damage area and in-depth damage. The proposed methodology incorporates a more realistic lightning-induced loading pattern to improve accuracy. Several cases are analyzed using available FE methods and compared to the proposed model (case 6) to evaluate the extent of damage. The thermal damage results are validated against baseline experimental data, demonstrating that the proposed FE model reduces the error from over 40% (observed in rest of the cases representing existing FE approaches) to within 10%.

An important quality-related aspect of metal-based additive manufacturing (AM) parts is the existence of thermal stresses and deformations. To address this issue, a 3D thermal simulation approach for powder bed fusion (PBF) processes has been developed, along with the definition of an index that encapsulates the intensity of the non-uniformity of the thermal field. The proposed approach delivers sufficient and computationally low-cost results regarding the intensity of the expected thermal stresses and deformations. A case study of eighteen parts is presented, in which eight different scanning strategies are tested to identify the optimum scanning strategy in terms of thermal stresses and deformations. Finally, the impact of different design elements on the importance of the scanning strategy selection in terms of thermal stresses and deformations is discussed. Both the developed model and the index have been benchmarked using experimental and computational data.

In this study, the thermal monitoring of a bridge deck is carried out over several days thanks to an adapted infrared measurement system. This system does not just operate a single uncooled infrared camera but also other sensors (i.e., a weather station and a global positioning system (GPS). The detection of the inner structure of the deck is achieved by pulse phase thermography and principal component thermography approaches. A first characterization of the inner structure of the deck is proposed thanks to an original thermal modelling approach. The results obtained are discussed and analysed.

Modern HVAC systems in road vehicles are vital for maintaining thermal comfort, but also represent a significant energy consumer, especially in electric vehicles. This study investigates airflow optimization methods to improve energy efficiency and passenger comfort by combining thermodynamic modeling, CFD simulation, and intelligent control. The paper proposes an integrated approach using adaptive control strategies and advanced cabin design, focusing on dynamic airflow regulation based on real-time sensor input. A simplified mathematical model and CFD analysis were developed to evaluate airflow velocity, temperature distribution, and energy use. The simulation compared standard and optimized configurations, demonstrating that better airflow control reduces energy consumption while maintaining or improving comfort. The results confirm that airflow optimization, through predictive control and smart sensor integration, is a feasible path toward more efficient and sustainable climate control systems in vehicles. The findings support future applications in automotive design, particularly for electric and low-emission vehicles.