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Design Thinking as an innovation approach has gained relevance in the professional context and is increasingly used to solve interdisciplinary problems. In the current research literature, there are some heuristic approaches of Design Thinking that experts have described as the personal abilities of a Design Thinker, which have proven to be beneficial in practice. However, there has been no measurement of the necessary personal skills for Design Thinking. The early diagnosis of process-inhibiting personalities would be profitable for a Design Thinking coach in that certain didactic interventions could be implemented proactively, so that foreseeable disturbances within the Design Thinking process can be counteracted. For this reason, a corresponding procedure for diagnosing the expected Design Thinker skills of the students at the Münster School of Vocational Education was developed. Using the Design-based Research approach, a Design Thinker Personality Profile was designed regarding the Big Five personality traits. The developed Design Thinker Personality Profile could be reviewed by the individual personality profiles of the students and the impressions of the lecturers regarding the personality attitudes of the students.

In this paper I will attempt to reconstruct Mark Fisher’s theoretical path, his analysis of capitalism and his revival of marxism. Therefore, I will focus in the first part of the essay on Fisher’s text, Capitalist Realism, to examine the structural features of today’s capitalism and, in a second part, on Fisher’s 2016 lectures and conferences at Goldsmiths University in London, in which the libidinal link between desire and capitalism is investigated. Finally, I will analyze Fisher’s other writings in which he tries to develop a series of strategies to exorcise the fear that a revolt against the lack of economic, social and cultural alternatives that torment our present is impossible. The purpose of this article is to emphasize how the originality of Fisher’s interpretation of marxism lies in his awareness of shaping new political subjects, forms of social aggregation and new cultural and libidinal structures removed from the dominance of capitalist realism, eschewing easy solutions that appeal to spontaneity and nostalgic vagueness anchored in a rhetoric of failure and defeat.

The author aims to highlight how Antonio Gramsci’s reflection, particularly as conveyed in the Prison Notebooks, represents an effort to reinterpret Marxist philosophy as an autonomous worldview, countering any attempt to reduce the validity of Marx’s categories solely to the economic sphere or as tools of historical interpretation. Gramsci’s philosophy of praxis presents us with a “terrestrial” world and humanity, and a history that unfolds, against all determinism and utopianism, as a field of possibilities and relationships that the subject, collectively understood, can orient and construct. Through his hermeneutic effort, Gramsci has led Marx into the twentieth century, by translating his scientific, philosophical, and political voice.

If the object of Althusser’s main theoretical work was Marx’s historical materialism, the form this work took was philosophy. Philosophy was his most important object. His reflections focused on the question of the existence of a Marxist philosophy, on philosophy as practice, the practice of philosophy and its role in ideological and political class struggles. This article sets out to understand how what is somewhat improperly called Althusser’s ‘last’ philosophy, the materialism of the encounter or aleatory materialism, is the philosophy that renounces the dominant form of philosophy to take the form of what I would call a counter-philosophy.

In this study, we aim to revisit the autobiography of Louis Althusser, titled «L’avenir dure Longtemps, suivi de Les Faits», in order to reflect upon the author’s substantiated belief that his dream, of 10 August 1964, is premonitory of the homicidal act he committed against his wife, Hélène Rytmann, on 16 November 1980. Based on the revisitation of this autobiographical testimony, we propound the following theses: 1) a sacrificial interpretation of the aforementioned dream by the French philosopher, in retrospect of the fateful event, through the lens of hyper mimesis (René Girard), which is inherent to Althusser’s behavior and probably lies at the root of his deep-seated discomfort; 2) the possibility of a non sacrificial interpretation of the dream, hence bearer of a meaning with the potential to liberate (Jacques Derrida; Jean-Luc Marion) the dreamer from a certain mode of operation. With this perspective, we aim to emphasize the idea that the main purpose of the dream consists in psychological individuation (Carl G. Jung) vis-à-vis undifferentiation and uniformization phenomena, typical of socialization (René Girard), as well as to highlight the notion of gift, outlined by Althusser.

Even with all we know about change, organizations continue to struggle with driving the changes needed to meet today's evolving market needs. Failing to establish a compelling reason for change, lack of buy-in, and fear of the unknown are among the commonly cited barriers for change (Kotter, 2011; Kegan & Lahey, 2009; Pardo del Val & Fuentes, 2003). In today's competitive landscape, failing at change is not a viable option. In fact, organizational successes in current times require nimbleness and agility to meet evolving and emerging market needs. Organizations such as Blockbuster and Kodak serve as the cautionary tale for what becomes of companies that fail to keep up with the times. This article explores why change is critical to organizational success, the common barriers that hold organizations back, and how Design Thinker capabilities can shift the mindset around change to create organizations that thrive in driving change.

Semantic externalism’ is the view that the thought and speech of internally identical subjects can have different contents, depending on facts about their environments. ‘Semantic internalism’ is the negation of this view. The details of these two views depend on the definition of ‘internal identity’. Katalin Farkas has shown that the traditional definition of internal identity as physical identity is too permissive: it misclassifies certain bodily states as internal. She has proposed defining internal identity as phenomenal identity instead. In the critical part of my paper, I argue that Farkas’s proposal fails for being too restrictive: it misclassifies non-conscious mental states, most notably dispositional belief, as external. I consider two interpretations of Farkas’s proposal but conclude that neither succeeds, because each requires internal features to influence the subject’s phenomenal life in a way in which dispositional belief does not. In the constructive part of my paper, I consider dispositional identity as an alternative definition of internal identity. I argue that the dispositional-identity definition avoids the phenomenal-identity definition’s shortcoming and retains its main attraction, viz., that of securing the subjective indistinguishability that obtains between Twin Earth duplicates. My argument that it does the latter, however, faces potentially decisive obstacles. Thus, I retreat to a disjunctive proposal: internal identity should be defined either (a) as dispositional identity or (b) as dispositional-plus-phenomenal identity. I conclude by defending my proposal against a different charge that may be levelled against it, viz., that of misclassifying Cartesian dualism as an externalist theory of the mind.

The aim of this paper is to show the elitist character of Martin Heidegger’s philosophy. Heidegger, throughout his thought and in different ways, has argued for privileged access to truth. Only some will be able to glimpse the Ereignis and will have the task of bequeathing this vision to the people. I propose to analyze three figures that appear in the philosopher’s conceptual itinerary and that corroborate this hypothesis: 1. those who suffer anxiety in Being and Time; 2. the figure of the poets; 3. and the role of thinkers in late Heidegger. In short, the German philosopher has had an elitist conception throughout his thought on the access to being.

本研究旨在建立一份跨領域設計思考者特質量表，並應用Rasch模式檢驗其心理計量特性，同時探討這些特質在不同背景變項下的關係。研究對象主要為大學生以上的成年人，包括預試樣本的208位受試者和正式樣本的529位受試者。這份量表共包含了八個向度的特質，分別為以人為本、同理心、整合思維、創意思維、動力心態、容忍不確定性與失敗、跨領域協作，以及原型製作與迭代實驗等向度，為五點量表，共計37題。為提供多元的效度證據，資料分析採用Rasch部分給分模式。研究結果顯示，八個向度皆具有良好的模式資料適配度，且大部分題目在性別上沒有明顯的差異試題功能（Differential Item Functioning, DIF），八個向度的信度介於.81至.86之間。在差異分析方面，結果顯示在性別、年級及舊經驗等背景變項下，部分向度的設計思考者特質有顯著差異。最後，本研究提供客觀的評量觀點，探討設計思考者特質、性別和年級之間的關係，並提出推動設計思考教育重要的基礎研究和實務應用價值的相關建議。 Background and Purpose The cultivation of interdisciplinary talent is a global trend, with design thinking emerging as a crucial approach to interdisciplinary learning (Mehalik & Schunn, 2006). However, challenges arise when the definition or process of design thinking varies across fields (Chesson, 2017), leading to difficulties in establishing consistent measurement tools for assessing design thinking. Currently, the analysis employed in the development of design thinking tools primarily relies on factor analysis, which often results in an unstable factor structure and relatively subjective measurements related to design thinking. The aim of this study was to develop a scale named the Cross-Disciplinary Design Thinker Trait Scale with sufficient reliability and validity. Specifically, experts in the field reexamined the traits of design thinkers based on the relevant literature, and similar concepts were integrated into a single dimension. The Rasch Partial Credit Model was applied to examine the developed scale’s psychometric properties, providing multiple forms of evidence to establish the scale’s reliability and validity. This tool is intended to support the assessment and enhancement of design thinking abilities in both educational and professional contexts. Literature Review Throughout the late 2010s and early 2020s, design thinking gained widespread recognition as a highly effective approach for fostering innovation and creativity within corporate and organizational contexts. This surge in the popularity of design thinking can be partially attributed to vigorous promotion by influential entities such as IDEO, a prominent design company based in the United States, and the d.school at Stanford University. As a practical approach, design thinking is considered capable of addressing complex problems and enhancing various aspects related to work culture, communication, innovation, and overall organizational success. As design thinking evolves into an interdisciplinary, human-centered approach to innovation, scholars have identified key factors for its success. With design thinking becoming increasingly central to future talent development in educational institutions and professional skill enhancement in workplaces, educators now face the challenge of effectively assessing teaching and learning outcomes. In this context, understanding learners’ inherent design thinking traits is essential. Empirical investigations into the definitions of design thinking and the traits of design thinkers have consistently highlighted several dimensions, including human-centeredness, empathy, integrative thinking, innovative thinking, a motivational mindset, tolerance for uncertainty and failure, interdisciplinary collaboration, prototyping, iteration, optimism, positive beliefs, visualization of ideas, problem solving, and a willingness to embrace risks. A review of existing scales related to design thinking reveals overlap in the trait components of design thinkers; however, a variety of factor structures emerge. This inconsistency arises from exploratory factor analyses being data driven and thus leading to the extraction of common factors based on correlations in respondents’ reactions to each item. Factor structure determination relies entirely on respondent reactions and thus overlooks the theoretical foundation of the measured constructs. Consequently, problems related to sample dependence may lead to inconsistent factor structures (Gorsuch, 1983). In other words, existing design thinking measurement tools have exhibited a degree of subjectivity in their development and analytical methods. The Rasch model in item response theory (Rasch, 1960) is regarded as effective for addressing problems related to test dependence and sample dependence because of its properties of item independence, sample independence, and equidistance. The Rasch model has been widely applied in various fields— including education, psychology, and health care (Wang, 2004)— a nd is particularly suitable for examining the psychometric properties of measurement scales. On the basis of these considerations, the primary objective of this study was to develop a reliable and valid scale named the Cross-Disciplinary Design Thinker Trait Scale. The Rasch model was employed to examine the psychometric properties of this scale and to validate the scale. Method This study focused on college students in Taiwan and recruited two samples: a pilot sample and a formal sample. The pilot sample, comprising 208 participants, was used to assess the quality of the Cross-Disciplinary Design Thinker Trait Scale’s items. The formal sample, comprising 529 college students, was utilized to examine the scale’s reliability and validity. Following the method of expert review and revision to examine item contents, the traits of design thinkers were categorized into eight dimensions: human-centeredness; empathy; integrative thinking; creative thinking; dynamic mindset; tolerance of ambiguity and failure; interdisciplinary collaboration; and prototyping, iteration, and experimentation. The scale consisted of 37 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (completely inconsistent) to 4 (completely consistent). ConQuest software (Wu et al., 2007) was used for all Rasch analyses. This study examined the Design Thinker Trait Scale’s reliability and validity to provide evidence of its content validity, structural validity, generalizability validity, interpretability validity, substantive validity, and external evidence validity (Wolfe & Smith, 2007). Results In the preliminary data analysis, the results indicated that most items demonstrated strong fit. The formal data analysis revealed that the aforementioned eight dimensions of design thinker traits exhibited strong model fit, providing evidence of content and structural validity. Regarding generalizability validity, most items on the Cross-Disciplinary Design Thinker Trait Scale retained consistent meaning in relation to students of different genders, except for one item in the empathy dimension, which revealed a significant difference in interpretation between male and female students. Furthermore, the person separation reliabilities of the eight dimensions were all appropriate, ranging from .81 to .87. The evidence regarding interpretative validity revealed that the level of design thinking traits among university students exceeded the difficulty of the test items in all eight dimensions, indicating a relatively high level of design thinking traits among the participants. Regarding evidence of substantive validity, each of the items measured on a 5-point Likert scale to assess students’ trait levels appeared suitable. Additionally, regarding external evidence validity, a significantly high correlation existed between the Cross-Disciplinary Design Thinker Trait Scale and the Creative Self-Efficacy Scale, suggesting that the Cross-Disciplinary Design Thinker Trait Scale demonstrated sufficient criterion-related validity. Discussion and Suggestions Regarding future scale application and development, given the correlation between organizational culture and the use of design thinking tools, researchers should investigate variations in design thinking trait tendencies across multiple disciplines (Elsbach & Stigliani, 2018). In education, integrating design thinking into curriculum design, teaching methodologies, and teacher training is recommended (Lor, 2017). Such integration could include planning strategies and learning materials responsive to the aforementioned eight traits of design thinking with a view to cultivating students’ abilities and fostering innovation and interdisciplinary competencies. In addition, schools should consider offering courses that inspire design thinking, enhance elective options, and encourage cross-disciplinary sharing among students to balance or amplify their potential for design thinking. Moreover, using the Cross-Disciplinary Design Thinker Trait Scale in teacher training could provide insights into students’ thought processes and facilitate the design of interdisciplinary collaborative learning experiences. Future efforts should involve more systematic investigations and comparisons of design thinking traits among Taiwanese students to contribute to a deeper understanding of such traits and to establish comprehensive links among curriculum, teaching, and assessment.

Recycling plastic waste has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century. One of the biggest challenges in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling is the requirement to return bottles in their original, undeformed state. This necessitates storing large volumes of waste and takes up substantial space. Therefore, this paper seeks to address this issue and introduces a novel AIoT-based infrastructure that integrates the PET Bottle Identification Algorithm (PBIA), which can accurately recognize bottles regardless of color or condition and distinguish them from other waste. A detailed study of Azure Custom Vision services for PET bottle identification is conducted, evaluating its object recognition capabilities and overall performance within an intelligent waste management framework. A key contribution of this work is the development of the Algorithm for Citizens’ Trust Level by Recycling (ACTLR), which assigns trust levels to individuals based on their recycling behavior. This paper also details the development of a cost-effective prototype of the AIoT system, demonstrating its low-cost feasibility for real-world implementation, using the Asus Tinker Board as the primary hardware. The software application is designed to monitor the collection process across multiple recycling points, offering Microsoft Azure cloud-hosted data and insights. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating this prototype on a large scale at minimal cost. Moreover, the algorithm integrates the allocation points for proper recycling and penalizes fraudulent activities. This innovation has the potential to streamline the recycling process, reduce logistical burdens, and significantly improve public participation by making it more convenient to store and return used plastic bottles.