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Background The nose, eyebrow, and forehead are critical elements of the T‐zone, vital for enhancing facial three‐dimensionality. Many Asians seek a more contoured and sculpted facial appearance by T‐zone augmentation. The novel poly‐L‐lactic acid microsphere and hyaluronic acid suspension (PLLA‐b‐PEG/HA) has proven to be a safe and effective dermal filler, making it an appealing choice for individuals aiming for T‐zone augmentation. Objective To retrospectively assess the efficacy and safety of PLLA‐b‐PEG/HA injection into the T‐zone for aesthetic enhancement. Methods Fifteen participants were included in this study. A comprehensive clinical evaluation was performed, including measurements of total facial convexity angle and radix height, the FACE‐Q scales for satisfaction with the nose, forehead, and eyebrows, the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), and a 7‐item satisfaction scale. Tissue in the peri‐eyebrow area was examined 12 months posttreatment for comparison with normal tissues. Results Significant increases in radix height and total facial convexity angle were observed at each follow‐up visit (p < 0.05). FACE‐Q scores also showed significant improvements from baseline in the eyebrows, forehead, and nose at each posttreatment visit (p < 0.001). The GAIS improvement rate remained high, with 80.00% reported by participants and 86.67% by blinded evaluators 12 months after treatment. The satisfaction rate was 73.3% at this time interval. Pathological examinations demonstrated newly formed collagen fibers and microvessels, with no abnormal pathological structure. Conclusion The PLLA‐b‐PEG/HA demonstrates efficacy in enhancing the T‐zone (nose, eyebrow, and forehead) with a favorable safety profile.

We performed three‐dimensional Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of magnetic reconnection with finite width along the direction perpendicular to the antiparallel magnetic field (i.e., the direction of the electric current). Previous similar simulations including the Hall term have shown that the localized reconnection region itself can broaden in the anticurrent direction when the initial current is carried only by electrons. However, there is still no clear understanding of the behavior of the reconnection region in the presence of the initial ion current as in the Earth's magnetotail plasma sheet since no simulations have been carried out under such situations. In this study, we performed a systematic parametric survey considering the cases in which the initial current is carried not only by electrons but also by ions and found that the speed and direction of the current‐aligned broadening of the reconnection region are almost equal to those of background ion and electron flows that carry the current. This result means that location and size of the localized reconnection region vary with time, depending on plasma conditions in the background current sheet in Hall MHD regime. The rate of the localized reconnection can reach close to the value in the two‐dimensional case, even when reconnection starts in an extremely narrow region with its current‐aligned width equal to an ion inertial length. The localized reconnection process also produces the asymmetry of the current‐aligned structure of the reconnection jet. These results can explain various observational features related to magnetic reconnection in the near‐Earth magnetotail. Key Points The localized reconnection region tends to broaden along the current direction The broadening speed and direction depend on those of current carriers The localized reconnection produces some asymmetries in the current direction

Three-dimensionality perception relies on the integration of various depth cues, with monocular pictorial cues playing a key role in two-dimensional representations. Previous research indicates that dogs are sensitive to a combination of shading and linear perspective when perceiving three-dimensionality, yet the individual contributions of these cues remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to disentangle the specific contribution of shading and linear perspective in promoting three-dimensional perception in dogs. In a series of four experiments involving 120 dogs, subjects were presented with a ball rolling on an apparatus and either falling inside a real hole (control condition) or keeping rolling over a depicted hole (test condition). Experiments 1 and 2 assessed the individual contribution of linear perspective and shading in dogs’ perception of three-dimensionality; Experiment 3, as a replica of previous findings, investigated the combination of both cues; Experiment 4 explored the role of more intense shading. In a violation of expectation paradigm, dogs showed no sensitivity to the pictorial cue of linear perspective or low shading level alone. Conversely, the combination of linear perspective and shading, as well as intense shading alone, successfully elicited three-dimensional perception. These results confirm that dogs can successfully integrate multiple pictorial cues to perceive three-dimensionality from two-dimensional stimuli. The perception of three-dimensionality can also occur through single cues, but only if the cue is sufficiently intense, at least in the case of shading.

Thin flexible sheets are utilized in numerous engineering applications. In the manufacturing process, the sheets are supported in fluid flow. Then, flutter is generated on the sheet, which results in serious quality defects (wrinkle etc.). Thus, understanding of the flutter characteristics is quite important to prevent these serious defects. In this study, the influence of the aspect ratio of sheets on the post-critical behavior, e.g. flutter amplitude and hysteretic behavior, is investigated by nonlinear numerical simulations and wind-tunnel experiments. As a result of calculations and experiments focused on the aspect ratio, the critical flutter velocity tends to increase as the aspect ratio is decreased owing to the three-dimensionality of the fluid flow. The flutter amplitude increases with increasing aspect ratio. Moreover, no hysteretic behavior is observed regardless of the aspect ratio for a relatively small mass ratio. In contrast, hysteretic behavior is generated with a large aspect ratio for large enough mass ratios.

Stream obstacles, naturally formed like boulders or engineered like weirs, are the major source of flow resistance; however, to quantify their flow resistance, a resistance formula needs to be selected in accordance with the specific obstacle type, that is obstacle type dependency. So far, a unified resistance formula that adequately characterizes the roughness of distinctive obstacle types remains elusive. Here, we conduct flume experiments with various natural and engineered submerged obstacles, including boulders, weirs, log jams, and transverse stones. We combine them with existing data sets containing rigid vegetation, step‐pool, and riffle‐pool to identify a unified metric for a general resistance relation. We test three roughness metrics, the widely used roughness metric D84 (84th percentile of bed grain size distribution), a bathymetric‐line‐based metric σz,centerline (the standard deviation of bed centerline elevation), and a 3D‐bathymetry‐based σz,bed (the standard deviation of elevation of the entire bed) as bed roughness, respectively. σz,bed is adopted to incorporate the roughness inhomogeneity in the transverse direction which widely exists in both natural and engineered channels, complementing the insufficiency of line‐based metric σz,centerline. Using 3‐fold cross validation, we show that the resistance formula based on σz,bed demonstrated a more consistent and superior velocity prediction capacity than those based on D84 and σz,centerline in predicting velocity across almost all obstacle types. Interestingly, when applied to channels with submerged rigid vegetation, the resistance formula based on only σz,bed can compare with those based on multiple vegetation characteristic parameters. This study shows the viability of unifying the flow resistance formula in open‐channels with submerged obstacles, avoiding obstacle‐type dependency.

This paper explores a new approach to improving satellite measurements of cloud optical thickness and droplet size by considering the radiative impacts of horizontal heterogeneity in boundary-layer cumulus clouds. In contrast to the usual bottom-up approach that retrieves cloud properties for individual pixels and subsequently compiles large-scale statistics, the proposed top-down approach first determines the effect of 3D heterogeneity on large-scale cloud statistics and then distributes the overall effects to individual pixels. The potential of this approach is explored by applying a regression-based scheme to a simulated dataset containing over 3000 scenes generated through large eddy simulations. The results show that the new approach can greatly reduce the errors in widely used bispectral retrievals that assume horizontal homogeneity. Errors in large-scale mean values and cloud variability are typically reduced by factors of two to four for 1 km resolution retrievals—and the reductions remain significant even for a 4 km resolution. The calculations also reveal that over vegetation heterogeneity-caused droplet size retrieval biases are often opposite to the biases found over oceans. Ultimately, the proposed approach shows potential for improving the accuracy of both old and new satellite datasets.

Kant suggested that Newton’s Inverse Square Law (ISL) determines the dimensions of space to be three. Much has been written in the philosophical literature about Kant’s suggestion, including specific arguments attempting to link the ISL to three-dimensionality. In this article, we explore one such argument and demonstrate that it fails to support the link Kant purports to make between the ISL and the three-dimensionality of space. At best, the link that can be made is between the ISL and symmetry.

Biological flyers and swimmers navigate in unsteady wake flows using limited sensory abilities and actuation energies. Understanding how vortical structures can be leveraged for energy-efficient navigation in unsteady flows is beneficial in developing autonomous navigation for small-scale aerial and marine vehicles. Such vehicles are typically operated with constrained onboard actuation and sensing capabilities, making energy-efficient trajectory planning critically important. This study finds that trajectory planners can leverage three-dimensionality appearing in a complex unsteady wake for efficient navigation using limited flowfield information. This is revealed with comprehensive investigations by finite-horizon model-predictive control for trajectory planning of a swimmer behind a cylinder wake at Reynolds number of 300. The navigation performance of three-dimensional cases is compared with scenarios in a two-dimensional (2-D) wake. The underactuated swimmer is able to reach the target by leveraging the background flow when the prediction horizon exceeds one-tenth of the wake-shedding period, demonstrating that navigation is feasible with limited information about the flowfield. Further, we identify that the swimmer can leverage the secondary transverse vortical structures to reach the target faster than is achievable navigating in a 2-D wake.

We report magnetization measurement in the superconducting state of a type-II organic layered superconductor with asymmetrical donor k-(MDT-TTF)2AuI2. The demagnetization factor of a plate-like shape of the single crystal has been taken into account for the measurement by applying an external field perpendicular to the conducting plane. The superconducting transition temperature TC is determined to be 4.7 K through the detection of demagnetization signal. The lower critical field is 10.5±1.4 G. This result implies that the stable vortex state of k-(MDT-TTF)2AuI2 can be reached at the applied magnetic field above 105 Oe

The unsteady three-dimensional flow interactions in the near field of square and circular jets issued normally to a crossflow were predicted by direct numerical simulations, aiming to investigate the effect of the nozzle cross-section on the vortical structures formed in this region. The analysis focuses on jets in crossflow with moderate Reynolds numbers (Rej=200 and Rej=300) based on the jet velocity the characteristic length of the nozzle and low jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratios, 0.25≤R≤1.4, where the jets are absolutely unstable. In this regime, the flow becomes periodic and laminar, and three distinct wake flow configurations were identified: (1) symmetric shedding of hairpin vortices at Rej=200; (2) the formation of toroidal vortices as the legs of hairpin vortices merge and the vortices roll up at Rej=300 and R≤0.67; (3) asymmetric shedding of hairpin vortices in the square jet at Rej=300 and R≥0.9, where higher-frequency hairpin vortex shedding combines with a low-frequency spanwise oscillation in the counter-rotating vortex pair. The dynamics of each of these flow states were analyzed. Power spectral density plots show a measurable increase in the shedding frequencies in Rej=300 jets with R, and that these frequencies are consistently larger in circular jets.