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Corn harvesting mode has gradually changed from ear harvesting to direct grain harvesting. In view of the problems of high moisture content in corn harvesting in China, such as the rates of broken grains (BGR) and uncleared grains (UGR) being too high, a new single longitudinal axial threshing cylinder was designed, which mainly included a cylinder spindle, a spiral feeding inlet, a T-type rasp bar, a separating straight rod, and a spiral extracting rod. Firstly, the three states of grain during the threshing process and the key influence factors of threshing and force analysis of corn ears in the threshing device were analyzed, then the structure of the threshing cylinder was designed, and its parameters were determined by theoretical analysis results. The arrangement mode of threshing elements adopted a combination of a T-type rasp bar, a separating straight rod, and a spiral extracting rod with a 6-head spiral pattern and an arrangement step of 250 mm. Secondly, the arrangement step of threshing elements was determined by discrete element method solution (DEM) simulation; the result showed that the average movement velocity was 55.04 m/s and the threshing time was 6–8 s. Finally, a multiple factors experiment of the threshing device was carried out, and the result showed that the order of the effect factors of the BGR and UGR was cylinder rotational speed > concave clearance > feed amount. When cylinder rotational speed was 309.17 r/min, concave clearance was 35.48 mm, and the feed amount was 6.13 kg/s. The verification experiment result showed that the BGR and UGR were 1.24% and 1.33%, respectively, which meet standard requirements. The research results could provide a reference for the design of a high moisture content grain threshing device and combine harvester.

Starting from the influencing parameters of threshing and separation and implicit seed losses that occur within this process, this paper searched for and identified the optimal threshing regimes to minimize losses depending on the process parameters. The evacuation losses (pev) depend on threshing rotor speed (n) and implicit rotor peripheral speed (vp), material feed speed (va), the space between the rotor and counter-rotor (δ), material feed flow (Q), material density (ρ), and the length of the threshing apparatus (L). As the parameters ρ and L are constant, the variation of losses in relation to each of the arguments was followed: vp, Q, ρ, and va, respectively, for the minimization of losses by the variation of the loss function by two arguments each (represented graphically); the four arguments targeted being: vp, va, ρ, and Q. Using these input parameters, it was possible to determine the optimal threshing regimes for the variation of losses in relation to the rotor peripheral speed, the feed flow, the space between the rotor and the counter-rotor, and the feed speed, so as to obtain a seed separation percentage (Ss) as close as possible to 100% (and implicitly the smallest threshing losses—towards zero) in relation to these parameters.

Peanut is an important produce in the global food chain because of their high-quality oil and protein content. Due to the significant value of its production in Iran, a threshing machine was developed for high-quality harvesting, to reduce harvesting costs and labor effort. In the course of a number of field experiments to evaluate the performance of the machine, the rotational speed of the thresher was adopted at three levels of 150, 200, and 300 rpm. Other experimental factors included the distance of the concave from the thresher (2, 6, and 8 cm) and the product feeding rate of 750, 850, and 950 kg·h−1. Regarding the measurements, the threshing efficiency, the separation rate, and the percentage of the crushed product were calculated and evaluated. The results revealed that as the rotational speed of the thresher, the increment feeding rate of the product and the distance between the thresher and the concave grate increased, the thresher efficiency decreased. The maximum threshing efficiency of 95% was obtained at a rotational speed of 150 rpm and a distance of 2 cm. Also, with increasing the rotational speed of 300 rpm and a distance of 8 cm, the threshing efficiency decreased to 75%. The separation rate decreased intensely as the distance between the thresher and the concave increased. In addition, the separation rate decreases with increasing rotational speed of the thresher. At a rotational speed of 150 rpm and a distance of 2 cm, the separation rate was 96%, but the separation rate decreased to 76% as rotational speed increased to 300 rpm and distance increased to 8 cm. With increasing rotational speed and feeding rate, the percentage of crushed pods increased. The maximum of 16% was obtained at a rotational speed of 300 rpm, a feeding rate of 950 kg·h−1 and a distance of 2 cm.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of an imported threshing machine and modified locally under different speeds for the threshing cylinder (1416, 1814) RPM, using two cultivars of corn: the first (KN-30) and the second (S6668), and three feed rates (1, 2, 3) kg. The experiment was conducted using a split plot design according to the randomized complete block design, with three replications. Some indicators were studied, including the required specific energy, Percentage of damaged grains, threshing efficiency, productivity, and electrical energy consumption. The results showed that the rotational speed of 1814 RPM had a significant effect on specific energy, electrical energy consumption, threshing efficiency, and productivity. The third feed rate (3 kg) had a significant effect on specific energy and productivity. while for the second cultivar of corn (S6668), it had a significant effect on specific energy, Percentage of damaged grains, and productivity.

The paper presents a mathematical model that characterizes the process of threshing and separation from the threshing machine with an axial flow of a thresher, taking into account the following input parameters: material flow, rotor speed, distance between rotor and counter rotor, mean density of processed material, feed speed, length of thresher and separating surface. Output parameters, such as the distribution function of separated seeds, distribution density function of separated seeds and distribution function of free seeds in the threshing space, as well as the distribution function of unthreshed seeds, together with the value of evacuation losses, were used to control the modeling process.

The object of the research consisted of a roller threshing unit with a profile elastic working surface of a parabolic type and a triangle one with rollers which turn concurrently with various angular speeds. Two rollers with 150 and 300 mm were investigated. The process of seeds separation from the threshing mass took place at its moisture of 10 to 35%. The relation of mixtures in the straw mass in a mass relation was changing within 10 to 35% with the length of stalks from 20 to 400 mm. The amount of the material provided for threshing was varied from 0.27 to 0.52 kg∙s-1∙m-1 and the slot between the rollers from 1.0 to 6.0 mm. The width of the base of notches located on the working surface of drums was within 25 to 150 mm, the height of notches on rollers was within 10 to 60 mm. Kinematic conditions of rollers operation were within 1.0 to 1.5. As a result of the research it was determined that a parabola is the optimal form of the profiled surface of rollers in a cross section. It ensures more effective seeds separation than a triangle configuration of drums. This conclusion is also confirmed by a theoretical discussion and is explained with the fact that the parabolic form of notches has a bigger surface than the triangle one and that they affect more seed-bags which leads to the increase of the seeds separation degree. The laboratory research allowed determination of rational ranges of parameters changes during flax mass threshing.

Industrial revolution and modernization of agriculture in Croatia and Slavonia began in mid-19th century and evolved at a slower pace compared to the other countries of the Austrian Empire. The main reasons were lack of capital, shortage of good river- and land traffic routes, slowness in the construction of railways, slowness in the introduction of steam engines, lack of skilled workforce and extensive farming. The second agricultural crisis in Europe, which lasted from 1873 until 1895, motivated large holdings in Croatia and Slavonia to introduce steam engines and machines for the purpose of rationalization of agricultural production. Locomobiles were mostly represented on holdings with over 575.5 ha. The then country of Slavonia, as an eminently agrarian region and the main source of wheat was leader in the use of steam engines, steam ploughs and steam-powered machines in agriculture. The locomobile was used in agriculture until the mid-20th century and was discontinued with the growing use of tractors with internal combustion engine and the use of combine harvesters. Until 1918, Croatian lands were a part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.

Soybean (Glycine max) is a staple crop with significant nutritional value and serves as a key industrial raw material for animal feed producers. However, in Ghana, soybean production is predominantly carried out manually. The objectives of this study are to: (1) design a soybean thresher using engineering design principles and theories, (2) fabricate the machine utilizing appropriate engineering technologies, and (3) evaluate its performance using design of experiment (DOE) methodologies. The study was done by using computer-aided design (CAD), and dynamics (kinematics) of machinery in the design, machining, sheet metal forming and fastening (welding and the use of bolts and nuts), whereas the DOE technique was used for evaluating the machine’s performance. The outcome of the study presents a mechanical soybean thresher, which is ergonomically friendly. The performance evaluation of the machine revealed that the thresher achieved a throughput ranging from 81.2 to 96.4 kg/h and an efficiency of 74.62% to 93.67%, with minimal grain damage proportions between 2% and 4.7%. A strong positive correlation coefficient of 0.85 was observed between operating speed and efficiency, and 0.9 between operating speed and capacity. The study provides predictive models to support precise machine design decisions and offers guidance for future machine designs, with a high coefficient of determination ranging from 0.7219 to 0.8041. Additionally, boxplot analysis indicates a median grain damage proportion of 2.7% with minimal variability, which validates the machine's reliability under controlled operating speed conditions. These findings highlight the machine’s operational stability, user-friendliness and minimal fatigue impact, ensuring high-quality soybean processing. Therefore, an efficient, ergonomically friendly, locally developed soybean threshing machine was designed, enabling reliable predictions and decisions within optimal operating conditions.

In order to clarify and enhance the work performance of the threshing and cleaning machine for plot-bred wheat and further reduce the grain retention in all working areas in the machine, in this study, a discrete element model for the threshing material of plot-bred wheat and a gas-solid coupling simulation model for the machine were established by ensuring all the harvesting criteria for the machine. Then numerical simulation was completed on the movement process of the threshing material in the threshing and cleaning machine for plot-bred wheat, the movement law and motion trajectory of all components of the threshing material were explored, and the impact forms of unreasonable work parameters on the separating and cleaning process were analyzed. First, four working areas were divided in the threshing and cleaning machine for plot-bred wheat. Under gas-solid flow coupling effect, the number variation of threshing material in each working area was analyzed under the effect of gas-solid coupling, and the operation characteristics of \"no retained seeds and convenient cleaning\" of the threshing machine for plot-bred wheat were further improved. The verification test results showed that, when the feeding amount of wheat was 0.30 kg/s, the rotation speed of the shaft of the tooth-type threshing cylinder was set to 1350 r/min, the rotation speed of the winnower was set to 500 r/min, the rotation speed of the residue absorption fan was set to 1000 r/min, the average total loss rate in threshing of the sample machine was 0.56%, and average impurity rate of the threshing material was 5.26%, average damage rate in threshing was 0.68%. In the test, the status of material discharged from the residue absorption fan outlet and bottom of the cyclone separator was similar to that of the simulation results, showing that it was feasible to use the method of gas-solid coupling to simulate the movement law of threshing material in the threshing and cleaning machine for plot-bred wheat.

A relictual population of Threshersaurus dakotaensis is still to be found in the northern Plains, ignored by zoologists and, even more remarkably, by evolutionary biologists. The ancestor of this quadrupedal vegetarian saurid once was common in the Jurassic, but that became rare in the Late Cretaceous, have adapted their behavior and adjusted to an environment highly modified from that of their pre-Tertiary ancestors. These solitary animals today are found in a patchy distribution across landscapes dominated by the great expanse of mixed-grass prairie or steppe soils lying between Minnesota and Montana, and Nebraska and the Canadian provinces. Here we provide a preliminary study of their little-known ethology, including speculations on reproductive activities and nocturnal behavior. These beasts deserve serious study by scholars as a visible representation of folk (or public) art, as do other equally visible manifestations of public art in this dominantly rural area.