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Time Lapse fotoğraf çekim tekniğini tanımladığımızda Türkçe karşılığında aralıklı çekim, zaman atlatmalı çekim, zaman aşımı fotoğrafçılığı, zaman aralıklı görüntüleme, hızlandırılmış çekim, süreç görüntüleme, anlamları ile ifade edildiği görülmektedir. Time Lapse temelde iki yöntem ile gerçekleştirilir. Birinci yöntem çekilen bir videonun hızlandırılarak oynatılması, ikinci yöntem ise fotoğraf makinesi ile çekilen karelerin ardışık olarak gösterilmesi şeklindedir. Belirli bir zaman diliminde periyodik aralıklar ile çekilen fotoğraf 5sn, 10dk, 1saat vb. bir yazılım aracılığı ile birleştirilir. Birleştirilen görüntüler 1 sn de 24-30 kare olacak şekilde montajlanarak bir video formatında kayıt edilir. Belirli zaman aralıkları ile çekilen fotoğraflar video hızında oynatıldığında, görüntüde belirgin bir hız artışı olur ve zaman hızla geçiyor gibi görünür. Örneğin gökyüzünde ilerleyen bulutlar, bir bitkinin büyüme sureci, bir çiçeğin açma süreci, bir mevsimin geçiş süreci gibi uzun olan zaman dilimleri kısaltılarak 5-10 saniye gibi kısa bir zaman diliminde sunulur. Sinematografik bir teknik olarak kabul edilen time lapse, İngiliz fotoğrafçı Eadweard Muybridge’in “Koşan Atlar” çalışmasının sonrasında keşfedilmeye başlandı. Muybridge, koşan atın fotoğraflarını bir diske yerleştirerek ilk görüntüleri elde etti. 19.yüzyıldan günümüze dek teknik olarak hızlı bir gelişim gösteren fotoğraf, film ve karanlık oda dönemi yerini dijital döneme bıraktı. Bu bağlamda time lapse çekim tekniği de teknolojinin imkânlarından yararlanarak tek bir kamera ile uygulanabilir duruma geldi. Time lapse tekniğinin en büyük problemlerinden biri olan yüksek ışık şiddeti sonucu fotoğrafta oluşan detay kayıplarıdır. Çalışmada bu problemi ortadan kaldırmaya yardımcı olan HDR tekniği ile istenilen sonuca nasıl ulaşıldığına dair bilgi vermek, her iki tekniğin birlikte kullanılmasına ilişkin verilebilecek bilgilere katkıda bulunmak, time lapse tekniğini daha aktif ve başarılı bir sonuca ulaştırmak için çalışmanın yarar sağlayacağı düşünüldü. Modern dünyanın yadsınamaz bir getirisi olan teknoloji, time lapse yönteminde olduğu gibi HDR tekniğinde de ilerlemeler meydana getirdi. Herhangi bir konunun fotoğraflanması gerektiğinde fotoğraflanacak sahnenin enstantene ve diyafram değerlerini belirlemek için gerekli hesaplamaları mevcut makinenin otomatik poz ölçüm sistemine bırakmak en kolay seçimler olarak görülür. Her ne kadar fotoğraf makinesinin konuya göre pozlandırma seçenekleri kolaylık sağlasa da bu her zaman görüntü açısından doğru bir tercih olmayabilir. Fotoğraf makinesi ister giriş seviyesinde isterse de profesyonel seviyede olsun, bir görüntünün en aydınlık ve en karanlık bölümlerindeki ayrıntıları kaydetme konusunda belirli bir sınırlara sahiptir. Kontrastlığı yüksek konuları fotoğraflarken karanlık bölgeler referans alınarak pozlandırıldığında aydınlık bölgedeki detayların kaybolmasına neden olurken, aydınlık bölgeler referans alınarak pozlandırıldığında ise karanlık bölgelerdeki detayların kaybolması kaçınılmaz olur. Fotoğraf makinelerinin kaydedebildiği yüksek dinamik aralığının belirli bir standardının olması çekilen görüntünün sonuçlarında detay kayıplarına sebep olmaktadır, işte bu sebepleri ortadan kaldırmak için geliştirilmiş HDR Hight Dinamic Range/Yüksek Dinamik Aralık tekniği ile fotoğraflanan konunun tüm dinamik aralığı kaydedilebilmektedir. HDR tekniğini uygulama süresi, örtücü enstantene hariç, diyafram, netleme, ISO vb. ayarları sabit tutmak koşulu ile farklı poz değerlerinde çekilen üç ya da daha fazla fotoğraf karelerinin yazılımlar aracılığıyla açık ve koyu ton eşleştirilmelerinin yapılarak istenilen sonuca ulaştırılmasına dayanır. HDR fotoğrafların time lapse videoların oluşumunda kullanılması ile birlikte, insan gözünün gördüğü dinamik aralığa yakın görüntülere ulaşılması sağlanarak daha başarılı sonuçlar elde edildi. Bu kapsamda time lapse ve HDR teknikleri ele alınarak, Time lapse fotoğraf çekimleri doğrultusunda HDR tekniğinin çekimlerde birlikte kullanımının önemine dikkat çekmek ve time lapse tekniğinin uygulama aşamasında karşılaştığı yüksek kontrastlı ışıktan kaynaklanan, görüntüdeki detay kayıplarının HDR yöntemiyle ortadan kaldırılması amaçlandı. Çalışma sonucunda, verilen örnek fotoğraf çekimlerinde HDR uygulaması yapılarak dinamik aralığın artırıldığı gözlemlendi. Görüntülerde ışık şiddetinin yüksek kontrastlığa sahip fotoğraflardaki detay kayıpları HDR tekniği kullanımıyla ortadan kaldırılarak time lapse de yüksek görüntü kalitesine sahip sonuçlar elde edildi.

The majority of genic transcription is intronic. Introns are removed by splicing as branched lariat RNAs which require rapid recycling. The branch site is recognized during splicing catalysis and later debranched by Dbr1 in the rate-limiting step of lariat turnover. Through generation of a viable DBR1 knockout cell line, we find the predominantly nuclear Dbr1 enzyme to encode the sole debranching activity in human cells. Dbr1 preferentially debranches substrates that contain canonical U2 binding motifs, suggesting that branchsites discovered through sequencing do not necessarily represent those favored by the spliceosome. We find that Dbr1 also exhibits specificity for particular 5’ splice site sequences. We identify Dbr1 interactors through co-immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry. We present a mechanistic model for Dbr1 recruitment to the branchpoint through the intron-binding protein AQR. In addition to a 20-fold increase in lariats, Dbr1 depletion increases exon skipping. Using ADAR fusions to timestamp lariats, we demonstrate a defect in spliceosome recycling. In the absence of Dbr1, spliceosomal components remain associated with the lariat for a longer period of time. As splicing is co-transcriptional, slower recycling increases the likelihood that downstream exons will be available for exon skipping. Dbr1 exhibits debranching specificity and effect on splicing. Here the authors combine co-immunoprecipitation, RNA binding and lariat analysis and suggest a role for Dbr1 interactor AQR in intron recycling. Dbr1 depletion leads to increased dwell time of spliceosome on excised lariats.

•Both high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) significantly improve inhibitory control in 9–10-year-old children as demonstrated by reduced reaction times in the Stroop color-word test under incongruent conditions.•fNIRS results show that the improvement in inhibitory control is associated with decreased activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) suggesting that HIIT and MICT enhance cognitive efficiency by optimizing neural activation patterns.•HIIT and MICT are effective school-based interventions to promote cognitive development and academic performance in children. Investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on school-aged children's executive function and reveal how they affect executive function focusing on underlying neural substrates. Sixty students (aged 9 to 10) from two fourth-grade classes in a primary school were selected as the research participants and randomly divided into the HIIT group, MICT group, and control group by using a random number table after gender matching. The control group was asked to continue their regular activities such as school physical education, recess activities and so on, while the HIIT group and MICT group were required to conduct jump rope exercises continuously for 8 weeks (5 times per week) according to the requirements, in addition to their regular activities. The HIIT group was required to jump fast with feet together for 1 min followed by 1 min of rest, repeated for 5 sets, with exercise intensity ≥85 % of maximum heart rate; the MICT group was required to jump at a moderate speed with feet together continuously for 5 min, with exercise intensity of 60–80 % of maximum heart rate. Stroop color-word test (SCWT) was performed on the day before and the day after the intervention, during both of which cortical hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex were monitored using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In the SCWT after the intervention, both the HIIT and MICT groups showed reduced reaction time under incongruent conditions, but the accuracy remained unchanged, and oxy-Hb concentrations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) were reduced under incongruent conditions. McNemar test showed that HIIT and MICT-elicited improvement of inhibitory control and left-DLPFC activations were significantly coincided. Using HIIT and MICT methods for rope skipping exercises can improve inhibitory function of children aged 9 to10, with reduced left 1-DLPFC activation potentially reflecting improved neural efficiency during task maintenance and performance.

Abstract Full waveform inversion is a methodology that determines high-resolution parameters. The widely used L2-norm misfit function has local minima if the low wavenumber components are not accurate. Suffering from a cycle skipping problem, the solution of waveform inversion will be trapped in the local minima. Dynamic time warping aims to find an optimal alignment between two signals, which is a more robust measure to avoid cycle-skipping challenges. However, the discontinuity makes the conventional dynamic time warping distance unsuitable for waveform inversion. We introduce a soft dynamic time warping distance as the misfit function, which is differentiable in that the inverted solution can converge to the accurate global minimum. We compare the convexity of the L2-norm and soft dynamic time warping distance and show that the soft dynamic time warping distance has a wider convexity range with different time shift and amplitudes. It can alleviate the half-wavelength limitation of the conventional L2-norm. We calculate the gradient using the automatic differentiation technique and the minibatch strategy and then analyse the alignment paths of different smooth parameters. A significant smooth parameter γ makes the Soft-DTW distance tending to the L2-norm, which generates new local minima. We recommend a small smooth parameter to ensure the convexity of the Soft-DTW distance. Numerical examples show that the soft dynamic time warping can effectively reconstruct the deep velocity parameters of the BG Compass and Marmousi models with noise robustness and lower dependence on the initial model.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of landing height and limb laterality on lower limb joint loading using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), thereby providing insights for injury prevention and optimizing performance in dynamic sports. Twenty male participants were assessed using the Qualisys 3D motion capture system and Kistler 3D force plates during landings from 30 cm and 45 cm on both dominant and non-dominant legs. No significant interaction effects between landing side and height were observed, but landing on the non-dominant leg increased the ankle joint internal rotation moment. The knee’s abduction moment significantly increased during the 17%−37% landing phase, and the hip’s abduction moment significantly increased during the 86%−100% phase. Higher landing height significantly increased vertical ground reaction force (GRF) during the mid-buffering phase (23%−35%). Landing on the dominant side was linked to an elevated risk of lower limb joint injuries due to increased abduction moments at the hip, external rotation moments at the knee, and internal rotation moments at the ankle. Furthermore, greater landing height correlated with higher vertical GRF, intensifying stress on the lower limbs and increasing injury risk. To reduce the risk of injury, training should focus on increasing strength and control of the non-dominant leg and controlling landing height.

We aim to describe temporal eating patterns in a population of adults with overweight or obesity. In this cross-sectional analysis, data were combined from two separate pilot studies during which participants entered the timing of all eating occasions (>0 kcals) for 10–14 days. Data were aggregated to determine total eating occasions, local time of the first and last eating occasions, eating window, eating midpoint, and within-person variability of eating patterns. Eating patterns were compared between sexes, as well as between weekday and weekends. Participants (n = 85) had a median age of 56 ± 19 years, were mostly female (>70%), white (56.5%), and had a BMI of 31.8 ± 8.0 kg/m2. The median eating window was 14 h 04 min [12 h 57 min–15 h 21 min], which was significantly shorter on the weekend compared to weekdays (p < 0.0001). Only 13.1% of participants had an eating window <12 h/d. Additionally, there was greater irregularity with the first eating occasion during the week when compared to the weekend (p = 0.0002). In conclusion, adults with overweight or obesity have prolonged eating windows (>14 h/d). Future trials should examine the contribution of a prolonged eating window on adiposity independent of energy intake.

The validation of several predictive biomarkers has improved the clinical outcomes of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients. Single tests do not cover the mutational co-occurrences, so they do not detect other alterations, which in many cases are responsible for disease progression. We describe the development and implementation of a customized next generation sequencing (NGS) panel. We analyzed 236 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) NSCLC samples from the Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Northwest Spain) in 2020. Detection of EGFR , KRAS , NRAS , BRAF mutations and ALK , ROS1 rearrangements were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These results were compared with those obtained by the NGS panel to evaluate the performance of the NGS method and to identify potential novel mutations. Ten discrepancies between NGS and the orthogonal methods were found: 2 cases in the EGFR gene, 1 in the KRAS gene, 5 in the BRAF gene and 2 in the ALK gene. The most prevalent pathogenic alterations detected by NGS were: TP53 (48.7%), KRAS (23.7%), STK11 (9.7%), EGFR (8.5%), PIK3CA (5.5%), CDKN2A (4.7%), BRAF (3.4%) and MET exon skipping 14 (3%); rearrangements were found in ALK and RET (3.5% and 1.7%, respectively). 41.5% of NSCLC patients are harbored co-occurring mutations. Our findings confirmed the robustness, sensitivity and specificity of NGS compared to conventional approaches. NGS has a role not only in the detection of actionable alterations (including concurrent mutations), but also in stratifying patients for therapy.

Background Neck and back pain are common musculoskeletal conditions in university students and associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, smoking and risky alcohol use. Cohort studies have investigated the effect of a healthy lifestyle including several lifestyle behaviors on the risk and prognosis for neck and back pain. Studies of an association between an unhealthy lifestyle and musculoskeletal conditions in university students are lacking. This study aimed to assess the association between an unhealthy lifestyle and incident activity-limiting neck/back problems (ALNBP) in university students. Methods Participants enrolled in the Sustainable UNiversity Life (SUN) study who did not report baseline ALNBP in the past three months were included ( n  = 3492). The baseline web-survey assessed unhealthy lifestyle behaviors (physical inactivity, high sitting time, meal skipping and risky use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs) with valid instruments and single-item questions. Participants with ≥ 3 unhealthy lifestyle behaviors were categorized as exposed to an unhealthy lifestyle. Responses to web-based follow-up surveys every third month until first reporting ALNBP or to the end of the one-year follow-up were used. The outcome ALNBP was defined as reporting limitations in daily activities due to a neck, low back and/or midback problem the past three months, assessed with a modified version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Crude and adjusted Cox regression models were built to assess the association between an unhealthy lifestyle and incident ALNBP, reported as a hazard rate ratio (HRR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Sixty percent of the participants were women, and the mean age was 24.5 ± 6.0 years. A total of 574 participants (16%) were exposed to an unhealthy lifestyle at baseline. Having an unhealthy lifestyle generated an adjusted HRR of 1.35 (95% CI 1.12, 1.63) for incident ALNBP, compared to not having an unhealthy lifestyle. Conclusions An unhealthy lifestyle, categorized as ≥ 3 unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, is associated with incident ALNBP in university students.

•Studies investigating possible determinants of the Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) are scarce•Breakfast skipping was associated with higher C-DII scores•Sedentary behavior accentuates adverse effects of breakfast skipping on C-DII•Interventions encouraging healthy eating and lifestyle behaviors are required Missed nutrients from skipped meals affect diet quality. However, the extent to which breakfast skipping affects the inflammatory potential of a diet, as indicated by Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) score, remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the association between breakfast skipping and C-DII score, and investigate the presence of interaction with sociodemographic factors and sedentary behavior. This representative cross-sectional study enrolled 378 children ages 8 and 9 y from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil in 2015. We collected sociodemographic data (sex, age, race, and household per-capita income) and screen time using a semistructured questionnaire. Dietary intake and breakfast skipping were evaluated by three 24-h dietary recalls from which energy-adjusted C-DII scores were calculated. We performed linear regression models to test the associations and possible interactions. The prevalence of breakfast skipping and sedentary behavior were 20.1% and 47.6%, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation of the C-DII scores was 0.60 ± 0.94, and ranged from –2.16 (most anti-inflammatory diet) to 2.75 (most proinflammatory diet). Breakfast skipping was associated with a higher intake of lipids, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat, as well as lower carbohydrate, calcium, and magnesium intake (P < 0.05). After adjustment, breakfast skippers had higher C-DII scores (β = 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.12–0.54). This association was more pronounced in children with sedentary behavior (β = 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.24–0.82). Breakfast skipping was associated with a more proinflammatory diet in school-age children, and there was significant interaction with sedentary behavior. Early childhood interventions encouraging the habit of eating a breakfast and engaging in physical activity may help reduce the dietary inflammatory potential and prevent related cardiometabolic disorders.

Envisioning the future is intuitively linked to our ability to remember the past. Within the memory system, substantial work has demonstrated the involvement of the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus in representing the past and present. Recent data shows that both the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus encode future trajectories, which are segregated in time by alternating cycles of the theta rhythm. Here, we discuss how information is temporally organized by these brain regions supported by the medial septum, nucleus reuniens, and parahippocampal regions. Finally, we highlight a brain circuit that we predict is essential for the temporal segregation of future scenarios.