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In the current literature, there exists a lack of analysis regarding the coordination of the spinning reserve and time-shift characteristics of hydrogen storage systems (HSS) and flexible carbon capture systems (FCCS) in terms of low-carbon economic operation. They are presently used solely as a tool to capture carbon dioxide, without fully utilizing the advantages of their flexible operation. The coordination and complementarity of the FCCS and HSS can ensure stable power supply and improve renewable energy (RE) consumption. Combined with demand side response (DSR), these factors can maximize the RE consumption capacity, reduce carbon emissions, and improve revenue. In this paper, a source-storage-load flexible scheduling strategy is proposed by considering the complementary nature of FCCS and HSS in terms of rotating standby and time-shift characteristics. First, the operational mechanisms of FCCS, HSS, and demand side response (DSR) are analyzed, and their mathematical models are constructed to improve flexibility in grid operation and regulation. Next, deficiencies in FCCS and HSS operation under rotating reserve requirements are analyzed to design a coordinated operation framework for the FCCS and HSS. This operational framework aims to enable the complementarity of the rotating reserve and time-shift characteristics of FCCS and HSS. Finally, based on the carbon emission trading mechanism, a three-stage ladder carbon emission trading cost model is constructed, and a source-storage-load flexible scheduling strategy is established to achieve an effective balance between low carbon emissions and economic performance. The simulation results demonstrate that the strategy reduces the overall cost by 8.57%, reduces the carbon emissions by 35.33%, and improves the renewable energy consumption by 3.5% compared with the unoptimized scheme.

Therapeutic percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the treatment of choice in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). If optimally performed, PCI reduces myocardial injury and improves the likelihood of a positive clinical outcome. Therefore, the equal quality of PCI throughout both day and night shifts is of paramount importance. Our aim was to compare urgent diagnostic and therapeutic coronary interventions performed during day and night shifts. We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 144 patients who underwent coronary angiography for AMI over six months in a tertiary referral center working in 24/7 mode. The patients’ characteristics, procedural data and the operator’s experience in interventional cardiology were compared according to the time of intervention during a day shift (8 a.m. until 8 p.m., group A, n = 106) and night shift (from 8 p.m. until 8 a.m. next day, group B, n = 36). The baseline characteristics of the subjects of groups A and B were similar, except for a higher proportion of AMI without persistent ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI) in patients who underwent coronary angiography during regular working hours compared to off-hours (58% vs. 34%, p < 0.05). The average time of diagnostic coronary angiography was longer by about 5 min during the day shift (28.5 ± 12.2 vs. 23.8 ± 8.9 min, p < 0.05), while other procedural data, including the arterial access route, the number of catheters needed and the contrast-medium volume, were similar. The use of additional diagnostic tools for coronary lesion assessment (intracoronary ultrasound or fractional flow reserve measurement) was almost twice as frequent during regular working hours (15% vs. 8%). Urgent therapeutic PCI on the culprit artery was performed in 79% and 89% of group A and B patients, respectively. The groups did not differ in procedural characteristics regarding the total interventional session, including both diagnostic angiography and therapeutic PCI, such as total procedure duration, fluoroscopy time, radiation dose, stenting technique and total stent length. Coronary thrombectomy or rotational atherectomy were more frequently used in group A (27% vs. 15%, p = 0.16). The percentage of doctors with the least experience in interventional cardiology was, albeit insignificantly, lower during day shifts (31% vs. 42%). In conclusion, the majority of clinical and periprocedural characteristics appeared to be independent of intervention time, except for a longer duration of diagnostic coronary angiography during daytime. This finding could probably result from a higher proportion of NSTEMI patients frequently requiring additional angiographic projections and special techniques to properly identify the infarct-related artery during the day shift. Whether a tendency of less frequent use of additional tools at off-hours may also be due to a lower percentage of NSTEMI interventions at night, or whether this can be linked to lower availability of experienced operators, remains to be validated in a large study. The latter possibility, if confirmed, might encourage public health authorities and healthcare organizers to improve off-hours cathlab staffing with experienced interventionalists. Finally, additional obligatory training in special diagnostic and therapeutic invasive techniques might be advisable for the least experienced operators scheduled to work night shifts.