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We estimate a production-based general equilibrium model featuring demand- and supply-side uncertainty and an endogenous term premium. Using term structure and macroeconomic data, we find sizable effects of uncertainty on risk premia and business cycle fluctuations. Both demand- and supply-side uncertainty imply large contractions in real activity and an increase in term premia, but supply-side uncertainty has larger effects on inflation and investment. We introduce a novel analytical decomposition to illustrate how multiple distinct endogenous risk wedges account for these differences. Supply and demand uncertainty are strongly correlated in the beginning of our sample, but decouple after the Great Recession.

This paper examines the stock market returns and volatility relationship using US daily returns from May 26, 1952 to September 29, 2006. The empirical evidence reported here does not support the proposition that the return-volatility relationship is present and the same for each day of the week.

We examine the significance of the size, book-to-market and momentum risk factors in explaining portfolio returns in the Australian stock market. We compare the CAPM to a four-factor model assuming static risk premia, and find that the additional factors have significant explanatory power. Under the assumption of time-varying factor loadings, though, the significance of the three additional factors becomes marginal, which suggests that size, book-to-market and momentum may proxy for misspecified market risk.

This study investigates the occurrence of stock market contagion effects stemming from strategic commodities and the United States (U.S.) equity markets to major oil and gas exporting nations amid the COVID-19 and Russian-Ukraine crises. Employing a multi-factor asset pricing model and risks spillover technique, we scrutinize the sensitivities of market returns to these risk factors and the dynamics of shocks transmission among market sensitivities over time. Our findings reveal that these equity markets generally demonstrate positive and variable sensitivities to the three factors, with Canada, UAE, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia experiencing significant periods of negative response to the gas price factor. Notably, the Russian market exhibited the highest responsiveness to the U.S. factor at the outbreak of the Russian-Ukraine war, whereas the Russian market displays the greatest sensitivity to both oil and gas price risks. The degree of shocks propagation among market sensitivities is about 75.8% and is mainly driver by sensitivities to the U.S. market factor in the energy market, followed by the sensitivity of oil prices to the gas market. Policymakers in these nations should be cautious of potential contagion from the US market and these critical commodities, particularly oil, to mitigate any adverse impacts on their economies.

Ljungqvist and Sargent (2017) (LS) show that unemployment fluctuations can be understood in terms of a quantity they call the “fundamental surplus.” However, their analysis ignores risk premia, a force that Hall (2017) shows is important in understanding unemployment fluctuations. We show how the LS framework can be adapted to incorporate risk premia. We derive an equivalence result that relates parameters in economies with risk premia to those of an artificial economy without risk premia. We show how to use properties of the artificial economy to deduce how risk premia affect unemployment dynamics in the original economy.

We investigate possible presence of time-varying risk premia in forward pound, yen, and Euro monthly exchange rates versus the US dollar over the last two decades. We study this issue using regression techniques and separately using a signal plus noise model. Our models account for time-varying volatility and non-normality in the observed series. Our regression model rejects the hypothesis that the forward rate is an unbiased predictor of future spot exchange rate, indicating the existence of time-varying risk premium under rational expectations. Our signal plus noise model reveals a time-varying risk premium component in yen and Euro. The same model provides evidence for the presence of risk premium in pound over a shorter sample period, though not over the entire sample. We conclude that risk premia exist, although we may fail to detect these for some currencies over specific time periods.

The endeavor to understand bond returns and the term structure of interest rates has generated an extensive literature, ranging from papers on return predictability and affine term structure models to theoretical contributions in the form of equilibrium models. While most of the empirical literature focuses on U.S. data, a large body of work applies an international perspective. This chapter reviews the relevant literature while also providing empirical evidence on international bond risk premia and the link to the macroeconomy. It examines conditional bond risk premia by running various predictability regressions and interprets the findings and links international bond risk premia to global economic growth and business cycles. Asset pricing theory suggests that rational variation in risk premia and therefore predictability may arise from either time‐varying economic risks or time‐varying risk aversion among investors. This suggests that future excess returns can be predictable even if markets are efficient.