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In this review article, attention is paid towards the formation of various nanostructured stoichiometric titanium dioxide (TiO2), non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x) and Magnéli phase (TinO2n−1)-based layers, which are suitable for the application in gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors. Some aspects related to variation of sensitivity and selectivity of titanium oxide-based sensors are critically overviewed and discussed. The most promising titanium oxide-based hetero- and nano-structures are outlined. Recent research and many recently available reviews on TiO2-based sensors and some TiO2 synthesis methods are discussed. Some promising directions for the development of TiO2-based sensors, especially those that are capable to operate at relatively low temperatures, are outlined. The applicability of non-stoichiometric titanium oxides in the development of gas and VOC sensors is foreseen and transitions between various titanium oxide states are discussed. The presence of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide and Magnéli phase (TinO2n−1)-based layers in ‘self-heating’ sensors is predicted, and the advantages and limitations of ‘self-heating’ gas and VOC sensors, based on TiO2 and TiO2−x/TiO2 heterostructures, are discussed.

Nanocomposites with polymer matrix offer excellent opportunities to explore new functionalities beyond those of conventional materials. TiO2, as a reinforcement agent in polymeric nanocomposites, is a viable strategy that significantly enhanced their mechanical properties. The size of the filler plays an essential role in determining the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. A defining feature of polymer nanocomposites is that the small size of the fillers leads to an increase in the interfacial area compared to traditional composites. The interfacial area generates a significant volume fraction of interfacial polymer, with properties different from the bulk polymer even at low loadings of the nanofiller. This review aims to provide specific guidelines on the correlations between the structures of TiO2 nanocomposites with polymeric matrix and their mechanical properties. The correlations will be established and explained based on interfaces realized between the polymer matrix and inorganic filler. The paper focuses on the influence of the composition parameters (type of polymeric matrix, TiO2 filler with surface modified/unmodified, additives) and technological parameters (processing methods, temperature, time, pressure) on the mechanical strength of TiO2 nanocomposites with the polymeric matrix.

Titanium (Ti) is considered a beneficial element for plant growth. Ti applied via roots or leaves at low concentrations has been documented to improve crop performance through stimulating the activity of certain enzymes, enhancing chlorophyll content and photosynthesis, promoting nutrient uptake, strengthening stress tolerance, and improving crop yield and quality. Commercial fertilizers containing Ti, such as Tytanit and Mg-Titanit, have been used as biostimulants for improving crop production; however, mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects still remain unclear. In this article, we propose that the beneficial roles Ti plays in plants lie in its interaction with other nutrient elements primarily iron (Fe). Fe and Ti have synergistic and antagonistic relationships. When plants experience Fe deficiency, Ti helps induce the expression of genes related to Fe acquisition, thereby enhancing Fe uptake and utilization and subsequently improving plant growth. Plants may have proteins that either specifically or nonspecifically bind with Ti. When Ti concentration is high in plants, Ti competes with Fe for ligands or proteins. The competition could be severe, resulting in Ti phytotoxicity. As a result, the beneficial effects of Ti become more pronounced during the time when plants experience low or deficient Fe supply.

Nanostructured materials are believed to play a fundamental role in orthopedic research because bone itself has a structural hierarchy at the first level in the nanometer regime. Here, we report on titanium oxide (TiO 2) surface nanostructures utilized for orthopedic implant considerations. Specifically, the effects of TiO 2 nanotube surfaces for bone regeneration will be discussed. This unique 3D tube shaped nanostructure created by electrochemical anodization has profound effects on osteogenic cells and is stimulating new avenues for orthopedic material surface designs. There is a growing body of data elucidating the benefits of using TiO 2 nanotubes for enhanced orthopedic implant surfaces. The current trends discussed within foreshadow the great potential of TiO 2 nanotubes for clinical use.

In the field of nanotechnology, titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO 2 NTs) are one of the most valued inventions. They were discovered in 1996, and have since been used in several fields including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, hydrogen production, and dye-sensitized solar cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TiO 2 NTs and their synthesis methods, highlighting recent progress and modifications that improve their properties. The influence of anodization parameters, the effect of annealing temperature, and modified TiO 2 NT arrays, including doping and heterostructure were discussed also in detail. In addition, this article summarizes some of the recent advances in the applications of TiO 2 nanotubes in photocatalysis, hydrogen production, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), and the detection of heavy metal ions. Finally, the existing problems and further prospects of this renascent and rapidly developing field are also briefly addressed.

Recent progress in the application of new 2D-materials—MXenes—in the design of biosensors, biofuel cells and bioelectronics is overviewed and some advances in this area are foreseen. Recent developments in the formation of a relatively new class of 2D metallically conducting MXenes opens a new avenue for the design of conducting composites with metallic conductivity and advanced sensing properties. Advantageous properties of MXenes suitable for biosensing applications are discussed. Frontiers and new insights in the area of application of MXenes in sensorics, biosensorics and in the design of some wearable electronic devices are outlined. Some disadvantages and challenges in the application of MXene based structures are critically discussed.

Highly ordered TiO 2 nanotubes (NTs) were synthesized by electrochemical anodization than annealed at different temperatures between 300 and 900 °C for 3 h. The elaborated NTs adhere well to the Ti substrate over the annealing temperature range of 300–600 °C. The TiO 2 NTs morphology begins to gradually evolve for temperatures up to 700 °C and approaches that of nanoparticles until the latter become predominant at T above 800 °C. Reflection measurements show that the NTs present reflection of 7% at 600 °C, corresponding to the lowest band gap 2.59 eV. This can be related to the presence of the mixed phase (Ti–TiO 2(A) –TiO 2(R)) .The charge carrier density decreases from 2.34 × 10 +21 to 3.61 × 10 +13  cm −3 when the annealing temperature increases, that accompanied by a reduction in the resistivity from 142.23 to 29.56Ω.cm which is adequate to photo anode application. Graphical abstract