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The leakage flow has a significant impact on the aerodynamic losses and efficiency of the compressor. This paper investigates the loss mechanism in the tip region based on a high-load cantilevered stator cascade. Firstly, a high-fidelity flow field structure was obtained based on the Enhanced Delay Detached Eddy Simulation (EDDES) method. Subsequently, the Liutex method was employed to study the vortex structures in the tip region. The results indicate the presence of a tip leakage vortex (TLV), passage vortex (PV), and induced vortex (IV) in the tip region. At i=4°,8°, the induced vortex interacts with the PV and low-energy fluid, forming a “three-shape” mixed vortex. Finally, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the loss sources in the tip flow field was conducted based on the entropy generation rate, and the impact of the incidence on the losses was explored. The loss sources in the tip flow field included endwall loss, blade profile loss, wake loss, and secondary flow loss. At i=0°, the loss primarily originated from the endwall and blade profile, accounting for 40% and 39%, respectively. As the incidence increased, the absolute value of losses increased, and the proportion of loss caused by secondary flow significantly increased. At i=8°, the proportion of secondary flow loss reached 47%, indicating the most significant impact.

Plantago sinaica is a rare perennial shrub near-endemic to Egypt and found in Saint Katherine Protectorate in Sinai. The first successful in vitro propagation protocol was conducted to protect the plant outside its natural reserves. Shoot tip, stem node section, cotyledonary node, and root explants separated from in vitro germinated seedlings were cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium enriched with different concentrations and types of cytokinins. It was found that 6-benzyl adenine (BA) is the most efficient cytokinin. MS medium containing 3.33 µM BA and 0.54 µM α-naphthalene acetic acids (NAA) produced 10.25 and 11.30 shoots/explant using shoot tip and stem node section, respectively. Conversely, MS medium + 2.22 µM BA + 0.54 µM NAA produced 13.25 shoots from root explants. Surprisingly, the cotyledonary node explants favored MS medium free from plant growth regulators (PGRs), which produced only 4.25 shoots/explant. The multiplied shoots were rooted successfully with a 100% rooting percentage on half MS medium containing 1.23 or 2.46 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). In vitro, rooted plantlets were efficiently transferred to the greenhouse with a 90% survivability. Finally, the plant was identified using three DNA barcodes; 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL), plastid photosystem II protein D1 intergenic spacer region (psbA–trnH), and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) barcodes. Additionally, psbA–trnH and ITS were novel and submitted to the GenBank databases for the first time for Plantago sinaica. Our study supports the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal number 15, which is to preserve, restore and reinstate sustainable usage of terrestrial ecosystems and to stop biodiversity loss.Key messageThis is the first report in in vitro propagation of the rare Plantago sinaica (Barnéoud) and molecular identification of the plant by three DNA barcodes with two newly published barcodes.

Tidal flooding can directly result in oxygen (O2) shortage, however the functions of root aeration in flooding tolerance and O2 dynamics within mangroves are still poorly understood. Thus, in this study, the correlations among waterlogging tolerance, root porosity and O2 movement within the plants were investigated using two mangrove species (Aegiceras corniculatum and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) and a semi-mangrove Heritiera littoralis. Based on the present data, the species A. corniculatum and B. gymnorrhiza, which possessed higher root porosity, exhibited higher waterlogging tolerance, while H. littoralis is intolerant. Increased root porosity, leaf stoma, and total ROL were observed in the roots of A. corniculatum and B. gymnorrhiza growing in stagnant solution when compared to respective aerated controls. As for ROL spatial pattern along roots, external anaerobic condition could promote ROL from apical root regions but reduce ROL from basal roots, leading to a ‘tighter barrier’. In summary, the present study indicated that the plants (e.g., A. corniculatum and B. gymnorrhiza) prioritized to ensure O2 diffusion towards root tips under waterlogging by increasing aerenchyma formation and reducing O2 leakage at basal root regions.