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Diverse harmful compounds can be emitted during the heating of tobacco sticks for heated tobacco products (HTPs). In this study, the generation of harmful compounds from the filter, instead of tobacco in tobacco sticks, was confirmed. The heat of a heated tobacco product device can be transferred to the tobacco stick filter, resulting in the generation of harmful compounds from the heated filter. Since the heating materials (tobacco consumable) of the tobacco sticks evaluated in this study were different depending on the brand, the harmful compounds emitted from the heated tobacco stick filters were examined by focusing on the carbonyl compounds, using three different tobacco stick parts. Acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde exhibited the highest concentrations in HTP aerosols produced by heating the tobacco consumable (conventional case) (63.5 ± 18.4 µg/stick and 1.71 ± 0.123 µg/stick, respectively). The aerosols produced by heating tobacco stick filters had higher formaldehyde and acrolein concentrations (0.945 ± 0.214 µg/stick and 0.519 ± 0.379 µg/stick) than the aerosols generated from heated tobacco consumable (0.641 ± 0.092 µg/stick and 0.220 ± 0.102 µg/stick). As such, formaldehyde and acrolein were produced by heating small parts of the mouthpiece of a tobacco stick, regardless of the heated tobacco product brand. In addition, acetone was only detected in the aerosols generated from heated filters (0.580 ± 0.305 µg/stick). Thus, safety evaluations of heated tobacco products should include considerations of the harmful compounds generated by heating tobacco stick mouthpieces for heated tobacco products in addition to those found in heated tobacco product aerosols.

Globally, smokeless tobacco (ST) includes a wide array of chemically diverse products generally used in the oral cavity. Although ST has been widely investigated, this study was undertaken to determine the levels of sugars (mono- and di-saccharides), alditols, and humectants present in major ST categories/subcategories by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). The products studied included chewing tobacco (loose leaf, plug, twist), US moist snuff, Swedish snus, creamy snuff, dry snuff, dissolvable tobacco products, and tobacco-coated toothpicks. The highest mean sugar level was detected in chewing tobacco (9.3–27.5%, w/w), followed by dissolvable tobacco (2.1%); all other products were lower than 1%. Creamy snuff had the highest mean alditol levels (22.6%), followed by dissolvable tobacco (15.4%); all others had levels lower than 1%. The detected mean humectant levels ranged from non-detectable to 5.9%. This study demonstrates the broad chemical diversity among ST. This research may aid researchers and public health advocates investigating the exposures and risks of ST. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 28 (2019) 203–213]

Background Poor oral hygiene affects the overall health and quality of life. However, the oral hygiene practice in rural communities and contributing factors are not well documented. Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess oral hygiene practices and associated factors among rural communities in northwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1190 households. Data were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire, prepared based on a review of relevant literature. The questionnaire comprises socio-demographic information, access to health and hygiene messages, oral hygiene practices, and water quality. We assessed oral hygiene practices with these criteria: mouth wash with clean water in every morning, mouth wash with clean water after eating, brushing teeth regularly, and avoiding gum pricking. Gum pricking in this study is defined as sticking needles or wires into gums to make the gums black for beauty. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with oral hygiene practices. Significant associations were declared on the basis of adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p -values < 0.05. Results Results showed that all the family members usually washed their mouth with clean water in everyday morning and after eating in 65.2% and 49.6% of the households, respectively. Furthermore, 29.9% of the households reported that all the family members regularly brushed their teeth using toothbrush sticks and one or more of the family members in 14.5% of the households had gum pricking. Overall, 42.9% (95% CI: 39.9, 45.6%) of the households had good oral hygiene practices. Health and/or hygiene education was associated with good oral hygiene practices in the area (AOR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.21). Conclusion More than half of the households had poor oral hygiene practices in the area and cleaning of teeth with toothpastes is not practiced in the area, where as gum pricking is practiced in more than one-tenth of the households. The local health department needs provide community-level oral health education/interventions, such as washing mouth with clean water at least twice a day, teeth brushing using indigenous methods such as toothbrush sticks or modern methods such as toothpastes, and avoiding gum pricking to promote oral health.

Background While e-cigarettes have been identified as an effective means of tobacco harm reduction, the degree to which these devices will realise their harm reduction potential will be determined in large part by how available these products are to adults who smoke. One of the key factors determining that availability is the regulatory regime around these products. Within the US e-cigarettes have become the most commonly used tobacco product by middle and high school students, with disposable e-cigarettes now the most popular type of device used by youth. In this paper, we report data on the prevalence with which one of the most popular disposable e-cigarettes within the US is being used by youth (aged 13–17) and underage young adults (aged 18–20). Methods A cross-sectional online survey of a probability-based sample of 1215 youth (13–17 years) recruited via Ipsos’ KnowledgePanel and 3370 young adults aged 18–24, among whom 1125 were aged 18–20, recruited via Ipsos’ KnowledgePanel and online consumer research panels. Results Among youth, 3.50% (95% CI: 2.46–4.83) reported smoking combustible cigarettes in the past 30 days, and 6.73% (95% CI: 5.26–8.48) reported using an e-cigarette in the past 30 days. Among underage young adults, 7.22% (95% CI: 5.24–9.67) reported smoking combustible cigarettes every day or some days, and 15.90% (95% CI: 12.96–19.21) reported using e-cigarettes every day or some days. Despite the scale of e-cigarette use in general among the US youth, only 0.04% (95% CI: 0.00–0.38) of 13–17 years old reported using the BIDI® Stick disposable e-cigarette in the past 30 days. Conclusions While disposable e-cigarettes have become the most popular type of e-cigarette used by the US youth, it is likely that the prevalence of use of individual devices varies significantly. There is a need to regularly monitor the use of e-cigarettes by type of device and brand, in order to determine which products have the greatest potential to reduce smoking-related harm among adults who smoke and which products are being used by youth and underage young adults.

Purpose The purpose of this case–control study was to draw attention to the possibility that poor oral hygiene resulting from infrequent and inadequate use of chewing sticks might be the sole cause of oral cancer in 60 patients investigated in the maxillofacial units of two specialist hospitals in eastern Nigeria. Methods Sixty cases and 60 controls made up the study population. We matched them for age, gender, period of admission and study site. The interview of all the participants contained data on demographic factors, family history of cancer, tobacco habits, oral hygiene, dietary habits and use of alcohol. We took biopsies of the lesions for histo-pathological examination. We entered the collected data into Microsoft excel package and transported it to Stata for generation of statistical test. Result Poor oral hygiene due to infrequent tooth brushing was associated with primary oral cancer in this patient sample. On the other hand, frequent tooth brushing was related to healthy status. Conclusion In the absence of other known carcinogens, poor oral hygiene may be the single factor that caused oral cancer in these subjects. Research is needed to investigate the pathological mechanism that is associated with this risk factor.

Objectives: The aim of this prospective study was to examine the short-term benefit of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on the olfactory function of patients operated on for nasal polyposis. We also studied the predictive value of smoking for the recovery of the olfactory function in these patients. Methods: We studied 116 patients with nasal polyposis who underwent ESS. Olfactory testing was performed with the Sniffin' Sticks test before operation and 1, 3, and 6 months after operation. Results: All patients achieved a statistically significant stepwise increment of all of the indices of olfactory function over time. The composite threshold-discrimination-identification score was lower in smokers than in nonsmokers in all testing sessions, but none of these differences reached statistical significance. After adjustment for preoperative olfactory measures and all other potential confounders, the effect of smoking on the 6-month postoperative measurement was not significant. However, we did find a statistically significant adverse effect of the quantity of smoking on the olfactory threshold scores. Conclusions: Both smokers and nonsmokers achieve a highly significant improvement on their olfactory function from ESS. Although smoking is not a major predictive factor for the short-term outcome of the olfactory function after ESS, a greater quantity of smoking may have an effect on the 6-month postoperative odor thresholds.

We are reasonably relaxed on this,\" he said of the former. \"It has the greatest ability [in the tobacco space] to raise prices. It does have that inflation-proof model.

Science. Everybody says they are for it. So why the firestorm of argument about the science of climate change? It’s an interesting question. With a disturbing answer. For all the complexity of detail in science, the process is actually fairly straightforward. Science is unique among human endeavors in the “self-correcting” machinery (to quote the famous Carl Sagan)¹ by which it is governed. That machinery ensures that science continues on a path toward an increasingly better understanding of the natural world despite the occasional wrong turns, dead ends, and missteps. The machinery consists of the critical checks that exist in the

The seedlesscannabis sativabuds were tied neatly and uniformly to a small hemp stick with a thread of hemp fiber or fishing line. Fresh Thai sticks had a spicy, thick, pungent aroma, like camphor with a hint of cinnamon. There was nothing dainty or sweet about them, and the intoxication was similarly powerful. One smuggler remembered taking a couple of big hits and waking up with a barely smoked joint still in his hand. “It was the most exotic thing anyone had ever seen. Everyone had to have it,” said Mike Ritter. “A rough test used in Thailand to

The establishment and development of an organised craft industry by the German and Austro-Hungarian internees at Fort Napier during the First World War was one of the most important aspects of their experiences in detention. In this paper the craftwork is descriptionbed and the cultural, economic, political and sociological contexts of the industry, as well as its long-term effects, are examined. Comparisons are drawn between the craftwork of the German internees of the First World War and the craftwork done by Boer prisoners during the Anglo-Boer War. A catalogue, in English translation, of the works marketed by the Kamp-industrie organisation is included as the first published record of this remarkable cultural endeavour.