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To evaluate the malondialdehyde (MDA) and total thiol (sulfhydryl, SH) levels in rat corneas after intraperitoneal injection of amantadine sulfate. A total of 12 Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups: control group (n = 6) and amantadine group (n = 6). Balanced salt solution (1 mL, 0.9% NaCl, twice/day) was injected into rats in control group. Amantadine sulfate (2 mg/1 mL, twice/day) was injected into rats in amantadine group. In each group, two rats were injected for 1 week, two received injections for 1 month, and two rats received injections for 3 months. The corneas were homogenized and MDA and SH levels were measured spectroflourometrically. In control group, median MDA and SH levels were 2.37 (range, 0.92-3.60) and 25.35 (range, 6.30-54.0) nmol/mg, respectively. In amantadine group, median MDA and SH levels were 3.57 (range, 1.25-5.92) and 32.65 (range, 3.30-48.3) nmol/mg, respectively. The difference between this two groups regarding MDA (P = 0.14) and SH (P = 1.0) levels was statistically insignificant. Systemically administered amantadine sulfate seems not to cause MDA and SH imbalance in rat corneas.

Plants encounter many biotic entities, such as fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, which induce biotic stress that disrupts normal metabolism and limits the growth and productivity of plants. Currently, the use of plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes instead of synthetic fungicides is intriguingly eco-friendly. An in vitro and in vivo antagonistic approach using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 was used to mimic the pathogenic effect of Alternaria alternata . The results showed that B. amyloliquefaciens significantly inhibited pathogenic fungal growth in vitro. Further, Capsicum annuum L. (pepper plants) were grown and subjected to inoculation with B. amyloliquefaciens and infected with A. alternata, and then the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, physio-biochemical parameters, and the level of endogenous phytohormones were assessed. Under the pathogen attack, the main responses, such as plant length, total fresh and dry weights, total chlorophylls, and pigments, were reduced, accompanied by increases in H 2 O 2 . As well, infection of pepper with A. alternata caused downregulation in the plant hormonal system by significantly decreasing gibberellins, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, as well as cytokinin concentrations. Although, with B. amyloliquefaciens application, an enhancement in growth, photosynthetic pigments, proline, thiol content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase in pepper plant leaves appeared while the content of H 2 O 2 decreased. Endogenous phytohormones were found to be upregulated in B. amyloliquefaciens -inoculated and diseased plants. The current study found that B. amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 rescued pepper plant growth by modulating antioxidant defense and regulating hormones, and could be used to control A. alternata in an environmentally friendly manner while maintaining sustainable agriculture and food security.

Aim: Thiols are the organic compounds of the antioxidant system. There is limited data in the literature concerning chemotherapy (CT) in cancer and thiol balance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible changes of thiol/disulfide levels with the recurrent CT cycles and type of cancer. Materials and Methods: The 40 healthy individuals and 40 patients who had been newly diagnosed with early-stage breast, ovary and endometrium cancer receiving adjuvant CT. Blood samples were taken from all patients three times as basal and after the first and second CT sessions. Results: We compared preadjuvant treatment levels of thiol and disulfide parameters in the patients group with the control group. The median of native thiol and total thiol was found to be higher in the control group than in the study group (P < 0.001). In addition, disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol rates were found to be higher in the patient group (P = 0.001). When we look at the comparison before and after CT in the patient group, disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol rates, which represent increased oxidative stress (OS) levels were found to be higher after CT than before CT measurement (P < 0.016). Discussion: This is the first study, which has researched the relationship between cancer type and thiol compounds and changes of thiol compounds during CT therapy, by using the method designed by Erel and Neşelioğlu. In this study, we found that pre-CT thiol disulfide balance in cancer patients shifted toward disulfide direction and OS levels may increase after repetitive CT sessions.

This study investigated the role of oxidative stress in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by comparing serum levels of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total thiol (TT) between POAG patients and healthy controls. The study included 48 POAG patients and 54 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum concentrations of IMA, MDA, and TT were measured using established assay methods. Statistical analysis revealed significantly higher levels of IMA and MDA and lower levels of TT in POAG patients than controls ( p  < 0.001). The findings show that patients with POAG tend to have higher oxidative stress levels and a weaker antioxidant defense system. This suggests that POAG patients are exposed to increased oxidative stress and lack sufficient antioxidants to counteract it. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants observed in these patients may indicate that oxidative stress plays a potential role in the development of the disease. Further population-based studies are necessary to clarify the causal relationship between these markers and the development or progression of POAG.

[LANGUAGE= \"English\"] INTRODUCTION: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate how thiol/disulfide homeostasis is affected in Helicobacter pylori positive and negative gastritis and the efficiency of thiol/disulfide levels in the diagnosis of chronic gastritis.METHODS: Seventy patients with chronic gastritis (30 H. pylori negative and 40 H. pylori positive) and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy procedure was performed on all patients. Native and total thiol were measured using a novel automatic and spectrophotometric method developed by Erel and Neselioglu. The differences between the groups and the diagnostic efficiency of the parameters were evaluated statistically.RESULTS: Native thiol levels decreased in the chronic gastritis group compared with the control group, whereas disulfide levels increased only in the H. pylori positive gastritis group compared with the control group. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of total thiol levels. According to the ROC analysis, the highest diagnostic efficiency in distinguishing the chronic gastritis group from the control group was calculated for native thiol with a 0.953 area under the curve value, 95% sensitivity, and 90% specificity.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was shown that the thiol/disulfide balance was impaired in patients with chronic gastritis compared with healthy controls, and these results were interpreted as increased oxidative stress in patients with chronic gastritis. It was determined that serum native thiol levels have high diagnostic efficiency in the diagnosis of gastritis, and it can be a potential biomarker candidate for chronic gastritis.

Background: A variety of processes, ranging from blood-brain barrier disruption to circulating biomarkers, contributes to reperfusion injury in acute stroke treatment. Objective: We aimed to investigate the effects of thrombolytic therapy and endovascular thrombectomy therapy on serum S100 calcium-binding protein B, ischemia-modified albumin and thiol-disulfide balance in patients who arrived within the first 6 h of acute ischemic stroke. Material and Methods: The study considered 66 patients with the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke who underwent thrombolytic therapy or EVT in the first 6 h, as well as 32 healthy volunteers. Venous blood samples were collected before tPA and EVT and 24 h after treatment. S100B, native thiol, disulfide, total thiol, and Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels were measured. Results: The S100B, total thiol, and native thiol values of the patients in the tPA group before and after the treatment showed statistical significance (P < 0.001). S100B, total thiol, and native thiol values were shown to be lower. The disulfide and IMA values of the patients in the tPA group did not differ significantly (respectively, P = 0.302, P = 0.054). However, disulfide and IMA levels were found to increase after treatment compared to pretreatment. The patients in the EVT group showed a significant difference in terms of S100B values (P < 0.001) and IMA values (P = 0.024). Conclusions: Determining how to protect the brain from free radical damage is important. More research should be carried out on treatments that prevent free radical damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury, as well as treatments for acute ischemic stroke.

Background and Objectives: Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive corneal ectatic disorder characterized by stromal thinning, irregular astigmatism, and visual impairment. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of KC. Biomarkers such as ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total thiol (TT) have been widely used to assess oxidative status. This study aims to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in KC disease by comparing serum levels of IMA, MDA, and TT between KC patients and healthy controls. Material and Methods: Forty patients diagnosed with KC and 43 healthy individuals of similar age and gender were included in the study. Patients with KC were classified in 4 stages according to the modified Krumeich KC classification system. IMA, MDA, and TT levels were compared in serum samples from patient and control groups. Results: Serum IMA levels were 2.52 ± 0.07 in the KC group and 1.2 ± 0.03 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). While serum MDA levels were 1.68 ± 0.05 in the KC group, they were 0.74 ± 0.04 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Serum TT levels were 0.82 ± 0.41 in the KC group and 2.23 ± 0.04 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Elevated serum IMA and MDA levels, together with decreased TT levels, in patients with KC are likely associated with increased oxidative stress. These parameters may serve as auxiliary biomarkers for evaluating disease pathophysiology and may represent potential targets for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

To assess the distinctiveness of serum native thiol (NT), total thiol (TT) and disulfide (SS) levels in PCa patients, we created a new parameter, prostate thiol index (PTI) [tPSA (TTxPVxAge) −1/2]. We determined the performance of the PTI on PCa diagnosis. A total of 107 male patients (PCa:65; BPH:42) who were separated according to their Gleason scores, ISUP grades and EAU risk groups and 20 healthy subjects were included. The performances of the tests were determined. The PCa and BPH groups had lower NT and TT levels and higher SS levels than the control group. PCa patients had higher PTI, tPSA, fPSA, PSAD levels, lower fPSA%, PV and PSA‐AV levels than BPH patients. TT, PTI, tPSA, fPSA, fPSA%, PSA‐AV, PSAD and PV had significant diagnostic performances. PTI had the highest AUC value and accuracy, PSA‐AV had the highest specificity, and fPSA had the lowest sensitivity. The performance of the PTI was the best in distinguishing PCa from BPH. PTI, tPSA and PSAD positively and PSA‐AV negatively correlated with ISUP grades and EAU groups. TT can contribute to the discrimination of PCa from BPH and PTI may decrease unnecessary biopsies in clinical practice.

Gastrointestinal cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, are mainly influenced by the dietary factor. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer thanks to the phenolic compounds, which possess antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. Polyphenols, alongside their well-known antioxidant properties, also show a pro-oxidative potential, which makes it possible to sensitize tumor cells to oxidative stress. HO-1 combined with antioxidant activity, when overexpressed in cancer cells, is involved in tumor progression, and its inhibition is considered a feasible therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. In this study, the effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on the viability of colon cancer cells (CaCo-2), annexin V, LDH release, reactive oxygen species levels, total thiol content, HO-1, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and p21 expression were evaluated. PCA induced, in a dose-dependent manner, a significantly reduced cell viability of CaCo-2 by oxidative/antioxidant imbalance. The phenolic acid induced modifications in levels of HO-1, non-proteic thiol groups, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, reactive oxygen species, and p21. PCA induced a pro-oxidant effect in cancer cells, and the in vitro pro-apoptotic effect on CaCo-2 cells is mediated by the modulation of redox balance and the inhibition of the HO-1 system that led to the activation of p21. Our results suggest that PCA may represent a useful tool in prevention and/or therapy of colon cancer.

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patients who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can suffer acute lung injury, or even death. Early identification of severe disease is essential in order to control COVID-19 and improve prognosis. Oxidative stress (OS) appears to play an important role in COVID-19 pathogenesis; we therefore conceived a study of the potential discriminative ability of serum biomarkers in patients with ARDS and those with mild to moderate disease (non-ARDS). 60 subjects were enrolled in a single-centre, prospective cohort study of consecutively admitted patients: 29 ARDS/31 non-ARDS. Blood samples were drawn and marker levels analysed by spectrophotometry and immunoassay techniques. C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and ferritin were significantly higher in ARDS versus non-ARDS cases at hospital admission. Leukocytes, LDH, ferritin, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were also significantly elevated in ARDS compared to non-ARDS patients during the hospital stay. Total thiol (TT) was found to be significantly lower in ARDS. Conversely, D-dimer, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and advanced glycosylated end products (AGE) were elevated. Leukocytes, LDH, CRP, ferritin and IL-6 were found to be significantly higher in non-survivors. However, lymphocyte, tumour necrosis factor beta (TGF-β), and TT were lower. In summary, our results support the potential value of TT, ferritin and LDH as prognostic biomarkers for ARDS development in COVID-19 patients, distinguishing non-ARDS from ARDS (AUCs = 0.92; 0.91; 0.89) in a fast and cost-effective manner. These oxidative/inflammatory parameters appear to play an important role in COVID-19 monitoring and can be used in the clinical management of patients.