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"toxicity assessment"
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The poisoned city : Flint's water and the American urban tragedy /
\"Recounts the gripping story of Flint's poisoned water through the people who caused it, suffered from it, and exposed it. It is a chronicle of one town, but could also be about any American city, all made precarious by the neglect of infrastructure\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Approaches in Bioremediation of Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds – A Review on Current and Future Prospects
Waste generation is becoming increasingly prominent in the environmental arena due to the increase in population and living standards of life. Dioxin and Dioxin-related compounds are a set of hazardous chemicals that are ubiquitously distributed. Polychlorinated dioxins are introduced into our surroundings by both spontaneous and induced activities like combustion, incineration of waste, recycling of e-waste, and paper and pesticide manufacturing. They are chloroaromatic compounds that are found to be lethal and possess carcinogenic properties and are one of the primary examples of persistent environmental pollutants (POP). Removal of these compounds from the environment is very challenging due to their recalcitrant nature. An alternative technique is the use of microbial technology which includes the use of bacteria and fungi to detoxify the dioxins that are considered to be a more effective, economical, and environmentally sustainable alternative. Different microbial interactions were studied for their degradation potential. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furans (PCDD/F) are found to be degraded by bacteria by adopting either aerobic or anaerobic pathways and the details regarding the diversity, distribution, bioremediation potential, metabolic pathway have been analyzed. This review provides an overview of the source of contamination, its potential toxicity assessment, and various bioremediation techniques that are employed are discussed in detail. It also highlights the nanoremediation technique - a promising tool in which nanoparticles are used in the treatment of toxic organic pollutants.
Publication
Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Inhaled Toxicants on an Alveolar Epithelial Model
Brazil′s Law 15.022 establishes the National Inventory of Chemical Substances, regulating risk assessment and control while promoting nonanimal testing and allowing animal testing only as a last resort. Traditionally, the assessment of acute inhalation toxicity has relied heavily on animal testing, which is costly, time‐consuming, and raises ethical concerns. Regulatory agencies have increased the demand for information on inhalation toxicity, particularly for companies producing and distributing chemicals on a large scale. This study was aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic potential of inhaled toxicants and classifying them according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS). In addition, we compared different forms of exposure, both liquid and aerosol, to assess potential differences in the observed effects. In this study, an in-house model cultured at the air–liquid interface (ALI) using human alveolar lung cells A549 was used and exposed to different pulmonary toxicants categorized in the GHS (Categories 1–5) to study the cytotoxicity profile. The results showed a significant correlation between the cytotoxicity of the compounds and their GHS classifications. Furthermore, the study sought to establish a correlation between in vitro IC50 values and in vivo LC50 data, indicating potential for predicting acute inhalation toxicity. Besides, exposure to aerosols showed a stronger cytotoxic effect than exposure to liquids, highlighting the importance of accurately reproducing real‐world exposure conditions in toxicological studies. In conclusion, the in‐house alveolar model represents a promising refinement tool for evaluating acute inhalation toxicity. It provides a consistent assay for compound screening, supports regulatory requirements for advanced pulmonary toxicity assessments, and contributes to the global effort to reduce reliance on animal testing in toxicological research.
Journal Article
Safety Evaluation of Nanotechnology Products
Nanomaterials are now being used in a wide variety of biomedical applications. Medical and health-related issues, however, have raised major concerns, in view of the potential risks of these materials against tissue, cells, and/or organs and these are still poorly understood. These particles are able to interact with the body in countless ways, and they can cause unexpected and hazardous toxicities, especially at cellular levels. Therefore, undertaking in vitro and in vivo experiments is vital to establish their toxicity with natural tissues. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of nanotoxicity and provide an overview on in vitro characterizations and cytotoxicity assays, as well as in vivo studies that emphasize blood circulation and the in vivo fate of nanomaterials. Our focus is on understanding the role that the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials play in determining their toxicity.
Journal Article
Enhanced Toxicity of Diol-Estered Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins Across Trophic Levels: Evidence from Caenorhabditis elegans and Mytilus galloprovincialis
is a widely distributed and major source of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs); the ecological impact of diol-estered DSTs (eDSTs) compounds on benthic systems is still inadequate. In this study, the acute toxicity of eDSTs was evaluated in
, and their accumulation capacity and toxic effects were examined in
for an ecological risk assessment. The results indicated that larvae 1 (L1) was more sensitive than larvae 4 (L4) of
, and the eDSTs in
extract lysate were more toxic than the okadaic acid (OA) standard solution. The lowest LC
values were 0.293 and 0.469 μg/mL for L1 and L4, respectively. The growth, productivity, and intestinal permeability of
were impaired, and the effect of
extract lysate on
was greater than that of the OA standard solution. The total toxin concentration in the digestive gland of mussels reached 3230 μg/kg, with esterified DSTs accounting for 76.7-97.1% of total toxins and inducing marked oxidative stress. Diol-estered DSTs exert direct toxic effects, including oxidative damage and growth inhibition, while exhibiting a high accumulation potential. This study revealed the toxicity of eDSTs, necessitating a focused investigation to comprehensively assess their toxicological impact and ecological risks.
Journal Article
Tenebrio molitor as a Simple and Cheap Preclinical Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity Model
The progression of drugs into clinical phases requires proper toxicity assessment in animals and the correct identification of possible metabolites. Accordingly, different animal models are used to preliminarily evaluate toxicity and biotransformations. Rodents are the most common models used to preliminarily evaluate the safety of drugs; however, their use is subject to ethical consideration and elevated costs, and strictly regulated by national legislations. Herein, we developed a novel, cheap and convenient toxicity model using Tenebrio molitor coleoptera (TMC). A panel of 15 drugs—including antivirals and antibacterials—with different therapeutic applications was administered to TMC and the LD50 was determined. The values are comparable with those already determined in mice and rats. In addition, a TMC model was used to determine the presence of the main metabolites and in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK), and results were compared with those available from in vitro assays and the literature. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TMC can be used as a novel and convenient preliminary toxicity model to preliminarily evaluate the safety of experimental compounds and the formation of main metabolites, and to reduce the costs and number of rodents, according to 3R principles.
Journal Article
Occurrence of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds in hospital and urban wastewaters and their contribution to Mahdia coastal seawater contamination
In the present study, the occurrence of 40 pharmaceuticals belonging to several therapeutic groups was investigated for the first time in hospital effluent, wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent, and seawater in Mahdia, Tunisia. Forty-six samples were collected within a 6-month sampling period. Pharmaceuticals were analyzed using solid-phase extraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Thirty-three out of the forty target compounds were detected over a wide concentration of ranges, from nanograms per liter to micrograms per liter, depending on the type of sample. Maximum values were detected for caffeine at 902 μgL
−1
in hospital wastewater. This compound, as well as salicylic acid, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethizole, were detected in all samples. The average concentration of total pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater (340 μgL
−1
) was higher than those detected in influent and effluent wastewater and seawater (275.11 and 0.2 μgL
−1
, respectively). Risk quotients (RQs) were also estimated to provide a preliminary environmental risk assessment and results revealed that sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and fluoxetine could pose medium/high risk to the tested aquatic organisms for maximum measured concentrations in wastewater (including hospital and WWTP samples). Although the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) detected in seawater samples might not pose a toxic effect to the aquatic organisms (except for salicylic acid, sulfamethoxazole and fluoxetine), further researches are needed due to the continuous release of wastewater in the environment and the limited efficiency of wastewater treatment processes.
Journal Article
Methodologies for Assessing Chemical Toxicity to Aquatic Microorganisms: A Comparative Review
Aquatic ecological issues have garnered significant attention in recent years, driving the demand for convenient, effective, and systematic assessment methods in environmental risk evaluation. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to methodologies for assessing the toxicity of chemicals toward aquatic microorganisms, which include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Among these, microalgae are commonly used as model organisms due to their relative simplicity. The article details conventional biological methods, general chemical techniques, modern instrumental analyses, and informatics approaches, with a particular focus on algae and bacteria as model organisms for toxicity assessment. The principles, advantages, and limitations of each method are discussed, along with examples of their application in various contexts. Biological methods offer direct visualization, convenience, and rapid results, while modern instrumental techniques enable mechanistic insights at molecular and biochemical levels. Informatics methods facilitate toxicity evaluation in complex systems. While aquatic microorganisms encompass viruses, fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and algae, this review primarily focuses on bacteria and algae as model organisms due to their ecological relevance, sensitivity, and widespread use in standardized assays.
Journal Article
Microplastics in the Ecosystem: An Overview on Detection, Removal, Toxicity Assessment, and Control Release
In recent decades, the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics on the surface of the planet have caused several long-term climatic and health risks. Plastic materials, specifically microplastics (MPs; sizes < 5 mm), have gained significant interest in the global scientific fraternity due to their bioaccumulation, non-biodegradability, and ecotoxicological effects on living organisms. This study explains how microplastics are generated, transported, and disposed of in the environment based on their sources and physicochemical properties. Additionally, the study also examines the impact of COVID-19 on global plastic waste production. The physical and chemical techniques such as SEM-EDX, PLM, FTIR, Raman, TG-DSC, and GC-MS that are employed for the quantification and identification of MPs are discussed. This paper provides insight into conventional and advanced methods applied for microplastic removal from aquatic systems. The finding of this review helps to gain a deeper understanding of research on the toxicity of microplastics on humans, aquatic organisms, and soil ecosystems. Further, the efforts and measures that have been enforced globally to combat MP waste have been highlighted and need to be explored to reduce its potential risk in the future.
Journal Article
Removal of Inorganic Pollutants from Wastewater: Innovative Technologies and Toxicity Assessment
In the past decade, a sudden increase in the number and kind of emerging water contaminants has been observed. The emerging contaminants can be categorized as organic or inorganic. Organic contaminants have been known for years, and techniques for their detection and remediation have been developed. However, inorganic pollutants are much more common. This is because they are detected in very low or negligible concentrations and are equally toxic as organic pollutants at higher concentrations. To boost the research on inorganic pollutant contamination, advancements in detection and quantification techniques are required. The presented paper discusses major inorganic pollutants such as metals and their salts, inorganic fertilizers, sulfides, acids and bases, and ammonia and oxides of nitrogen. In addition, it discusses the inorganic toxicants’ toxicity to organisms and the environment, upgraded quantification methods, and advancements in inorganic toxicant mitigation. Moreover, the major bottlenecks in the quantification and removal of inorganic pollutants are discussed at the end.
Journal Article