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Using a panel cointegration model developed based on the data extracted from the World Bank indicators, this study quantified the relationship between carbon emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and trade openness in sub-Saharan African countries. It discovered from our analysis that there exists a long-run causality association amongst CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and trade openness. The study noted the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in the panel using the square term for trade openness; it was found to have a negative impact, thus trade in the long run will somewhat decrease the environmental pollution in this region. The study results imply that there should be stringent policies and rigorous enforcement in sub-Saharan African to ensure sustainable growth without associative environmental issues.

This research is focused on an in-depth analysis of the trade drivers that influence trade openness and their impact on carbon dioxide emissions, with a concentrated examination of emerging economies from 1995 to 2020. This examination is contextualized within the scope of various trade and environmental theoretical frameworks. In our analysis, we employed a range of advanced panel regression methods, including stepwise regression for model selection, as well as Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Panel Ordinary Least Squares (Panel OLS), and Fixed Effects Model (FEM). The long-term patterns were evaluated using Johansen co-integration tests. Additionally, the study delves into the causal links between carbon dioxide emissions and the key drivers of trade, employing Granger causality tests for this purpose. Our findings disclose a complex web of relationships, both in the short and long term, between trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions, influenced by several key factors: (i) net inflows of foreign direct investment, (ii) trade reserves, (iii) per capita income, (iv) exchange rates, and (v) gross national savings.

This study provides an in-depth analysis of how key macro trade determinants affect renewable energy consumption in MINT economies (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey) over the period from 1995 to 2022. By applying the energy bundle theory as a guiding framework, we investigate the influence of factors such as trade balance, trade reserves, exchange rate, population, and labor force participation rate on trade openness (TOPEN) and its connection to renewable energy consumption (REC). Advanced econometric techniques, including Step-wise regression, fully modified least squares, pooled ordinary least squares and fix effect methods, are used to assess the dynamics of these relationships. Granger causality and Pedroni co-integration tests reveal both short- and long-term interactions between trade factors and renewable energy consumption. The results indicate that trade balance, trade reserves, and labor force participation have a significant positive effect on renewable energy consumption, while exchange rates and population growth show a negative impact. Although no reciprocal relationship between trade reserves and renewable energy consumption is found, unidirectional influences are identified between renewable energy consumption and other trade determinants, specifically trade balance, exchange rate, population, and labor force participation, underscoring the distinctive economic interactions within MINT economies.This study emphasizes that trade balance, trade reserves, and labor force participation significantly enhance renewable energy consumption in MINT economies. It advises policymakers to stabilize exchange rates and address population growth due to their adverse effects.

This study investigates the impact of trade openness on the economic performances of selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries while incorporating elements of domestic investment into the empirical analysis in the wake of dynamic sentiments for trade liberalization among nations in recent times. The study covers an empirical analysis of a panel of observations from the selected countries within the framework of the Fully Modified Least Square (FMOLS), and the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) regression techniques. The empirical results affirm the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables. However, while domestic investment and the size of the labor force significantly impact economic growth in the positive direction among these countries, trade openness was found to be negatively impacting on growth for the period of the study. It is therefore recommended that cogent effort should be directed towards investments that are crucial for the improvement of labor productivity and production value chains in the domestic economy to dissuade or minimize the rate of export of raw primary commodities. Also, adequate steps should be taken to improve the overall business environment, remove trade impediments, and strengthen institutions among the countries in the region to harness the benefits of trade in our increasingly globalized world.

This study explores the effect of trade openness on deforestation. Previous studies do not find a clear effect of trade openness on deforestation. We use updated data on the annual rate of deforestation for 142 countries from 1990 to 2003, treat trade and income as endogenous, and take into consideration an adjustment process by applying a dynamic model. We find that an increase in trade openness increases deforestation for non-OECD countries while slowing down deforestation for OECD countries. There is a possibility that both capital–labor and environmental-regulation effects have a negative impact on deforestation in developing countries, whereas the opposite holds in developed countries.

This research was aimed to measure and evaluation the imported inflation in agricultural sector in Iraq. Moreover, studying and analyzing the most important factors affecting it during 1990-2019. This research reached to- via results of unit root test- that all variables were non-stationary at the level, but all of them were stationary at the  difference. The research conclude- through significance of parameters of agricultural trade openness in the model. That the imported inflation can be rising in agricultural sector after the trade liberalization and interring to WTO and increasing of dumping policy in agricultural products, whereas found when measuring the imported inflation the high dependency of agricultural sector in Iraq on the imported equipment's and agricultural and foods products, and influence of rising of global prices in it especially after 2003.The research recommended to controlling the rates of imported inflation by using studied import policies and not allowed of randomized of importing agricultural products, the research recommends also to reduce the impact of dumping policy in agricultural products.

In response to the climate emergency and other dimensions of the current global environmental crisis, the world is facing an agroecology transition aimed at scaling up the best sustainable ways of farming into circular agri-food territories. No one knows, however, in advance, how they will perform. To explore several feasible, viable, and desirable future scenarios for these agroecological territories, we have developed a nonlinear programming model called Sustainable Agroecological Farm Reproductive Analysis as a bottom-up deliberative tool. In this article, we use it to explore the sustainable degrees of trade openness of these bio-economically circular territories by evaluating the advantages and limitations of conceiving them from an interdependent network of basically self-sufficient areas rather than as autarkic islands. Using SAFRA optimizations in a Catalan case study, applied as a preliminary test, we found that autarkic self-sufficiency would reduce the food supply capacity of the studied territory by one-third. At the same time, however, up to a point, trade openness would face growing problems and barriers to maintaining a circular replenishment of soil nutrients, as well as the landscape diversity required to house enough farm-associated biodiversity needed for other supporting and regulating ecosystem services. These results confirm the conceptual approach of the issue developed by Leopold Pfaundler in 1902, and call for more empirical studies in broader areas conducted together with local farmers and other stakeholders that jointly define boundary conditions, constraints, capabilities, and ranges of fair-trade openness evaluated for a true bottom-up agroecological transition.

This paper evaluates the link between economic growth, renewable energy, tourism arrivals, trade openness, and carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union (EU-28). As an econometric strategy, the research uses panel data. In the first step, we apply the unit root test, and the results demonstrated that the variables used in this study are integrated I (1) in the first difference. In the second step, we apply the Pedroni cointegration test, and Kao Residual cointegration test, and we observe that the variables are cointegrated in the long run. The panel fully modified least squares (FMOLS), panel dynamic least squares (DOLS), and generalized moments system (GMM-System) estimator are considered in this research. The econometric results proved that trade openness and renewable energy decreased climate change and environmental degradation. The empirical study also found a positive effect of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, tourism arrivals are negatively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions, showing sustainability practices of the tourism sector on the environment. Furthermore, carbon dioxide emissions in the long run present a positive impact, indicating that climate change increases. In this study, we also consider the recent methodology of Dumitrescu–Hurlin to observe the causality and the relationship between renewable energy, trade openness, economic growth, tourism arrivals, and carbon dioxide emissions.

In this study, we investigate the determinants of labor productivity dynamics in transition economies using data from Croatian manufacturing industries. Capital intensity growth and human capital accumulation have been significant contributors to stronger productivity gains. Private-sector development has positively affected productivity growth-but mostly through the increasing role of new private companies. Still, unfinished privatization represents a significant obstacle to stronger productivity gains. The effect of increasing trade openness is significant but negative, most likely owing to weak export competitiveness of Croatian companies. Neither greenfield nor (predominant) brownfield foreign direct investment inflows have contributed to higher labor productivity growth. Further privatization and structural reforms seem to be the most promising policy measures that need to be undertaken in order to achieve higher productivity gains.

With the passage of time, the continued burning of fossil fuels is proving to be one of the world's most serious issues. In response, the current research aims to assess the critical linkage between carbon emissions and renewable energy, trade openness, and economic growth in Sweden utilizing a dataset from 1965 to 2019. The study applied the novel quantile-on-quantile regression (QQ) approach to assess this relationship. The main objectives are to address the following questions: (i) What are the effects of trade openness on CO emissions in each quantile? (ii) Does renewable energy consumption mitigates CO emissions in each quantile? What is the impact of economic growth on CO emissions in each quantile? The outcomes from the QQ approach revealed that at low and medium quantiles (0.1-0.6), the effect of trade openness on CO emissions is negative. Furthermore, at lower and higher quantiles (0.1-0.90) of combination of renewable energy consumption and CO emissions, the effect of renewable energy consumption on CO emissions is negative. Finally, at majority of the quantiles, the effect of economic growth on CO emissions is negative. Moreover, the present study applied the quantile regression (QR) approach as a robustness check. The findings of the QR validate the findings of the QQR approach. The study proposes that policy-makers in Sweden should place greater emphasis on raising public awareness regarding the issues of renewable energy since it mitigates environmental degradation.