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01 02 Tragedy is an ancient plot line associated with hubris, value conflicts among actors and the propensity of our considered actions to have consequences very different from those we intend. First applied to international relations by Thucydides, the tragic vision of politics lies at the core of classical realism. In this volume, noted International Relations scholars and political theorists draw on range of sources, from Renaissance and modern tragedies to their Greek progenitors, and explore the ways in which tragedy has been variously theorized by ancient Greek commentators, modern theorists – notably nineteenth century German philosophers – and postcolonial critics. In discussions that encompass but extend well beyond classical realism, these contributors ask if tragedy is a universal trope, how – and whether – it can help us to understand contemporary international relations, the extent to which sensitivity to tragedy has the potential to reduce its likelihood, and the degree to which the lens of tragedy can help us to refocus prevalent assumptions within the discipline of International Relations. These challenging questions are addressed in the context of topical issues that range from global poverty, humanitarian intervention and the so-called 'war on terror'. 31 02 The authors explore how tragedy can help to understand contemporary IR, whether sensitivity to tragedy has the potential to reduce its likelihood and how it can help to refocus current assumptions 08 02 'This is scholarship done the \"old\" way: a polite but nonetheless raucous debate, begun in a cafe, that subsequently gains a life of its own as it spreads and catches the interest of many fine thinkers and erudite writers. The goal of this short but deep volume, to discuss how and in what ways the classical conceptions of tragedy over the millennia of philosophical musings might still be relevant and enrich readers' understanding of international relations today, is fascinating exactly because it is so almost absurdly bold: one is hard-pressed to find a similar work with a similarly humble yet grand objective. In the end it is not so much about whether or not the contributors pull off the ultimate conclusion (after all, is it really possible in the present-day academic world to ever grant a person or a group success in answering what is at its most fundamental essence a deeply profound and highly esoteric question?), but rather it is a treat to enjoy this for the intellectual journey on which it takes the reader. It is a deeply serious work worthy of high-level reflection. Summing Up: Highly recommended.' - CHOICE Review, M. D. Crosston, Bellevue University, USA 'As both rhetoric and reality, the question of tragedy remains a crucial aspect of political life and political understanding. With remarkable breadth and power, this superb volume shows why it should be central to political science and international relations today.' - Michael C. Williams, Professor in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa, Canada 'An unusual collection of stimulating essays amounting to a spirited \"conversation\" among leading scholars, which reminds us that the \"bounds of sense\" are not exhausted by \"techniques\", \"designs\", \"systems\" or \"theories\". - Friedrich Kratochwil, Professor of International Relations, European University Institute, Florence, Italy 'Erskine and Lebow bring together a world class collection of contributors to demonstrate how the theme of tragedy illuminates the ethical contours of international politics. This books makes a valuable contribution to IR theory but will resonate well beyond this audience to scholars working in cultural studies, literature and continental philosophy. This is certainly a book I will be encouraging my students to read. - Kimberly Hutchings, Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science 'This is a wide-ranging collection of essays by an impressive group of established and early-career theorists.' - International Affairs 02 02 Nowhere are clashes between competing ethical perspectives more prevalent than in the realm of International Relations. Thus, understanding tragedy is directly relevant to understanding IR. This volume explores the various ways that tragedy can be used as a lens through which international relations might be brought into clearer focus. 19 02 Original discussions from esteemed academics, challenging accepted wisdom in International Relations Discusses topical issues in contemporary international politics including global poverty, human rights, humanitarian intervention and the so-called 'war on terror' Interdisciplinary investigation of tragedy covering ancient history, political theory and literature Unique structure in which contributors genuinely speak to one another and each chapter engages with, and responds to, the preceding arguments 13 02 TONI ERSKINE holds a Personal Chair in International Politics at Aberystwyth University, UK, and is currently Honorary Professor of Global Ethics at RMIT University in Melbourne and Visiting Scholar at Sydney University, Australia. RICHARD NED LEBOW James O. Freedman Presidential Professor of Government (Emeritus) at Dartmouth College, USA, and Centennial Professor of International Relations at The London School of Economics and Political Science, UK. 04 02 Introduction: Understanding Tragedy and Understanding International Relations; T.Erskine & R.N.Lebow PART I: RECOVERING THE TRAGIC DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Tragedy, Ethics and International Relations; M.Frost Tragedy, Progress and the International Order; J.Mayall Tragedy or Skepticism? Defending the Anti-Pelagian Mind in World Politics; N.Rengger Tragedy, Politics and Political Science; R.N.Lebow PART II: TRAGEDY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AS POLITICAL THEORY Tragic Choices and Contemporary International Political Theory; C.Brown The Tragedy of Tragedy; P.Euben Tragedy and Ethical Community in World Politics; R.Beardsworth Tragedy and Political Theory: Progressivism without an Ideal; K.Stullerova PART III: ON THE NATURE OF TRAGEDY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS A Pessimism of Strength? Tragedy and Political Virtue; B.A.Schupmann Nietzsche and Questions of Tragedy, Tyranny and International Relations; T.Strong Tragedies and International Relations; C.Lu The Drama Viewed from Elsewhere; R.Shilliam Conclusion: Learning from Tragedy and Refocusing International Relations; T.Erskine & R.N.Lebow

Many philosophers have argued that the existence of gratuitous evil is the most serious objection against the existence of an all-perfect God. I argue that the idea of a moral dilemma (or, more accurately, a tragic dilemma) may either (1) provide a moral justification for God to permit the existence of gratuitous evil, or (2) offer a theodicy of divine tragedy to explain why evils in the world are not necessarily gratuitous, or if they are, why they cannot provide a piece of decisive evidence to reject the existence of an all-perfect God.

The article examines Radu Stanca’s Oedipus Saved as a radical modernist reconfiguration of the Oedipal myth and a deliberate interruption of the classical tragic paradigm. Rejecting the fatalistic logic that defines Sophoclean and post-Sophoclean versions of the myth, Stanca imagines an Oedipus who is redeemed rather than destroyed, shifting the emphasis from divine determinism to human agency, solidarity, and ethical self-understanding. Drawing on the conceptual framework of Franco Moretti’s theory of “tragic sovereignty,” the study situates Oedipus Saved within the Sibiu Literary Circle’s aesthetic ideology, arguing that Stanca’s play replaces the traditional deconsecration of sovereignty with its aesthetic transfiguration. Through extensive intertextual engagement and mythopoetic innovation, Stanca reopens the tragic form to the possibility of metaphysical survival, rather than inevitable catastrophe. The article demonstrates that Oedipus Saved marks both a continuation and a rupture within European tragic discourse: it revives myth only to transform it into a modernist salvific narrative, where poetry and human insight triumph over the destructive logic of fate.

Yaşar Kemal mîna nivîskarên trajedîyan ji rewşa trajîk ya ku di puxta jîyanê da heye têdigihîje û wê di cureya romanê da diceribîne ku yek ji wan, romana Yılanı Öldürseler e. Ew, di vê romanê da ji rûdaneke ku hatiye jîyîn sûd werdigire û wê vediguhêzîne cîhana honakê. Berhemên ku rewşa trajîk ya jiyanê radigihînin hêmanên berberî, hilbijartin, çalakî, êş û wêranîyê dihewînin. Kemal rewşa trajîk ya vê romanê li ser bingeha berberî, êş û wêranîya meriv û civakên eşîrê yên sedsala 20em yên ku koçê Çukurovayê kirine, saz dike ku meriv û civaka Kurd parçeya wê ya herî giring in. Ew di vê romanê da di navbera takekes û civakê da berberîyek ava dike. Ew, nasnameya karakterên xwe di nav pergala zayendî ya eşîrî da ava dike û karakterên romanê di navbera nirx û zagonên civakê, hest û helwestên wan ên takekesî da dixe nav berberîyekê. Kemal bi vê romanê ji alîyekî va rewşa trajîk ya jîyanê bi xwîneran va dide têgihîştinê ji alîyê din va jî rewşa trajîk ya meriv û civakên ku hilgirên nirxên eşîrê ne û bi zagonên eşîrê va hatine dorpêçkirin, pêşkeş dike.

Si suggerisce un’ipotesi di integrazione in un distico tragico (forse composto da Morsimo o da Melanzio) parodiato nella Pace di Aristofane.