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Cognitive and working memory training : perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, and human development
\"Cognitive and Working Memory Training assembles an interdisciplinary group of distinguished authors--all experts in the field--who have been testing the efficacy of cognitive and working memory training using a combination of behavioral, neuroimaging, meta-analytic, and computational modelling methods. This edited volume is a defining resource on the practicality and utility of the field of cognitive training research in general, and working memory training in particular. Importantly, one focus of the book is on the notion of transfer--namely, the extent to which cognitive training--be it through music, video-game play, or working memory demanding interventions at school--generalizes to learning and performance measures that were decidedly not part of the training regimen. As most cognitive scientists (and perhaps many casual observers) recognize, the notions of cognitive training and transfer have been widely controversial for many reasons, including disagreement over the reliability of outcomes and consensus on methodological \"best practices,\" and even the ecological validity of laboratory-based tests. This collection does not resolve these debates of course; but its contribution is to address them directly by creating an exchange in a single compendium among scientists who, in separate research publications, do not always reach the same conclusions. The book is organized around comprehensive overview chapters from different disciplinary perspectives--Cognitive Psychology (by Hicks and Engle), Neuroscience (by Kuchinsky and Haarmann), and Development (by Ling and Diamond)--that define major issues, terms, and themes in the field, with a pointed set of challenge questions to which other scientists respond in subsequent chapters. The goal of this volume is to educate. It is designed for students and researchers, and perhaps the armchair psychologist. Crucially, the contributors recognize that it is good for science to persistently confront our understanding of an area: Debate and alternative viewpoints, backed by theory, data, and inferences drawn from the evidence, is what advances scientific knowledge. This book probes established paradigms in cognitive training research, and the long-form of these chapters (not found in scientific journals) allows detailed exploration of the current state of the science. Such breadth intends to invite novel ways of thinking about the nature of cognitive and perceptual plasticity, which may enlighten either new efforts at training, new inferences about prior results, or both\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Spectral Properties of Ruelle Transfer Operators for Regular Gibbs Measures and Decay of Correlations for Contact Anosov Flows
In this work we study strong spectral properties of Ruelle transfer operators related to a large family of Gibbs measures for contact
Anosov flows. The ultimate aim is to establish exponential decay of correlations for Hölder observables with respect to a very general
class of Gibbs measures. The approach invented in 1997 by Dolgopyat in “On decay of correlations in Anosov flows” and further developed
in Stoyanov (2011) is substantially refined here, allowing to deal with much more general situations than before, although we still
restrict ourselves to the uniformly hyperbolic case. A rather general procedure is established which produces the desired estimates
whenever the Gibbs measure admits a Pesin set with exponentially small tails, that is a Pesin set whose preimages along the flow have
measures decaying exponentially fast. We call such Gibbs measures regular. Recent results in Gouëzel and Stoyanov (2019) prove existence
of such Pesin sets for hyperbolic diffeomorphisms and flows for a large variety of Gibbs measures determined by Hölder continuous
potentials. The strong spectral estimates for Ruelle operators and well-established techniques lead to exponential decay of correlations
for Hölder continuous observables, as well as to some other consequences such as: (a) existence of a non-zero analytic continuation of
the Ruelle zeta function with a pole at the entropy in a vertical strip containing the entropy in its interior; (b) a Prime Orbit
Theorem with an exponentially small error.
eBook
Effects of mistake and other defects on the passage of legal title
\"This book analyses the mechanics of how legal ownership in tangible movable property is transferred from one person to another and whether certain kinds of defects, particularly mistakes, may prevent its passage. Though this area of the law may well be regarded as a core area of English private law, it has not yet received much attention in academic literature. It is argued that English law, on its best interpretation, and contrary to the traditionally accepted approach, adopts a principle of separation (i.e. that the underlying contract or other transaction is notionally distinct from the conveyance of title) and abstraction (i.e. that the conveyance of title is not dependent on the validity of the underlying contract or other transaction). This applies for transfers by delivery, transfers by sale and transfers by deed. Further, it is very rare for mistakes to prevent the passage of ownership. In fact, title passes unless the transferor's intention to transfer property is virtually absent altogether.\"--Back cover.
Book
The quenching of the fluorescence of carbon dots: A review on mechanisms and applications
Carbon dots (CDs) possess unique optical properties such as tunable photoluminescence (PL) and excitation dependent multicolor emission. The quenching and recovery of the fluorescence of CDs can be utilized for detecting analytes. The PL mechanisms of CDs have been discussed in previous articles, but the quenching mechanisms of CDs have not been summarized so far. Quenching mechanisms include static quenching, dynamic quenching, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), photoinduced electron transfer (PET), surface energy transfer (SET), Dexter energy transfer (DET) and inner filter effect (IFE). Following an introduction, the review (with 88 refs.) first summarizes the various kinds of quenching mechanisms of CDs (including static quenching, dynamic quenching, FRET, PET and IFE), the principles of these quenching mechanisms, and the methods of distinguishing these quenching mechanisms. This is followed by an overview on applications of the various quenching mechanisms in detection and imaging.
Graphical abstract
Schematic representation of the quenching mechanisms of carbon dots (CDs) which include static quenching, dynamic quenching, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), photoinduced electron transfer(PET), surface energy transfer (SET), Dexter energy transfer (DET) and inner filter effect (IFE). All these effects can be used to detect and image analytes.
Journal Article
Ribosome-dependent activation of stringent control
The structure of a bacterial ribosome–RelA complex reveals that RelA, a protein recruited to the ribosome in the case of scarce amino acids, binds in a different location to translation factors, and that this binding event suppresses auto-inhibition to activate synthesis of the (p)ppGpp secondary messenger, thus initiating stringent control.
How the starved ribosome exerts control
When bacteria are starved of nutrients, they initiate a program known as stringent response, or stringent control, in which the transcriptional pattern responds to the changing metabolic needs. In the case of amino acid starvation, which causes ribosome stalling, RelA protein is recruited to the ribosome. Venki Ramakrishnan and colleagues have solved the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a bacterial ribosome–RelA complex to understand how amino acid deficiency is detected. They find that RelA binds in a location different from that used by translation factors, and that this binding event releases an inhibitory state of RelA that normally prevents synthesis of the (p)ppGpp secondary messenger. This messenger initiates the stringent response.
In order to survive, bacteria continually sense, and respond to, environmental fluctuations. Stringent control represents a key bacterial stress response to nutrient starvation
1
,
2
that leads to rapid and comprehensive reprogramming of metabolic and transcriptional patterns
3
. In general, transcription of genes for growth and proliferation is downregulated, while those important for survival and virulence are upregulated
4
. Amino acid starvation is sensed by depletion of the aminoacylated tRNA pools
5
, and this results in accumulation of ribosomes stalled with non-aminoacylated (uncharged) tRNA in the ribosomal A site
6
,
7
. RelA is recruited to stalled ribosomes and activated to synthesize a hyperphosphorylated guanosine analogue, (p)ppGpp
8
, which acts as a pleiotropic secondary messenger. However, structural information about how RelA recognizes stalled ribosomes and discriminates against aminoacylated tRNAs is missing. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of RelA bound to the bacterial ribosome stalled with uncharged tRNA. The structure reveals that RelA utilizes a distinct binding site compared to the translational factors, with a multi-domain architecture that wraps around a highly distorted A-site tRNA. The TGS (ThrRS, GTPase and SpoT) domain of RelA binds the CCA tail to orient the free 3′ hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine towards a β-strand, such that an aminoacylated tRNA at this position would be sterically precluded. The structure supports a model in which association of RelA with the ribosome suppresses auto-inhibition to activate synthesis of (p)ppGpp and initiate the stringent response. Since stringent control is responsible for the survival of pathogenic bacteria under stress conditions, and contributes to chronic infections and antibiotic tolerance, RelA represents a good target for the development of novel antibacterial therapeutics.
Journal Article
Ser/Leu-swapped cell-free translation system constructed with natural/in vitro transcribed-hybrid tRNA set
The Ser/Leu-swapped genetic code can act as a genetic firewall, mitigating biohazard risks arising from horizontal gene transfer in genetically modified organisms. Our prior work demonstrated the orthogonality of this swapped code to the standard genetic code using a cell-free translation system comprised of 21 in vitro transcribed tRNAs. In this study, to advance this system for protein engineering, we introduce a natural
/
in vitro transcribed-hybrid tRNA set. This set combines natural tRNAs from
Escherichia coli
(excluding Ser, Leu, and Tyr) and in vitro transcribed tRNAs, encompassing anticodon-swapped tRNA
Ser
GAG
and tRNA
Leu
GGA
. This approach reduces the number of in vitro transcribed tRNAs required from 21 to only 4. In this optimized system, the production of a model protein, superfolder green fluorescent protein, increases to 3.5-fold. With this hybrid tRNA set, the Ser/Leu-swapped cell-free translation system will stand as a potent tool for protein production with reduced biohazard concerns in future biological endeavors.
The use of orthogonal genetic code can help to prevent the escape of hazardous genes through horizontal gene transfer. Here, the authors develop a cell-free translation system with the Ser/Leu-swapped genetic code using a hybrid tRNA set and show its application in enhancing the production of superfolder GFP.
Journal Article
