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Students from a high socioeconomic background show relatively homogeneous, high levels of educational attainment, whereas students with a low socioeconomic origin display a large variability in their educational careers. In this paper, we examine whether the varying degrees of students' academic self-efficacy can contribute to an explanation of this variation. Focusing on Germany's highly stratified educational system, we utilized the CILS4EU dataset to analyse the association between the academic self-efficacy of students from low and high socioeconomic backgrounds in 9th grade and their later educational aspirations and transitions. Our results show that students from non-academic families are much more likely to (a) aspire to an Abitur, (b) transition to upper secondary school, and (c) enter tertiary education if they exhibit a high level of academic self-efficacy. In contrast, academic self-efficacy shows no link to the educational aspirations and decisions of students who have at least one parent with an academic certificate. Our research is guided by the question 'to what extent do adolescents' educational and political efficacy beliefs influence their later educational and political behaviour?' Thus, the project seeks to examine what happens when adolescents of a disadvantaged (vs. advantaged) group (operationalized by socio-economic status and immigrant origin) experience success (vs. failure) in the education system: How are their personal, group, and system efficacy beliefs shaped by those experiences? As part of this, we utilize the CILS4EU data to follow students' educational pathways from age 14 to age 22 and analyse socioeconomic differences in the link between students' academic self-efficacy and their educational aspirations and decisions.

This study examines the long-term effects of two different integrative school measures in lower secondary education — reduced individual learning objectives and accommodations — on post-compulsory educational trajectories in Switzerland. Based on data from the Bernese Longitudinal Study on Integrative School Measures (BELIMA; N  = 2297), this study examines how these measures influence students’ transitions to upper secondary education, focusing on the level of academic demands and educational discontinuities (delayed entry and apprenticeship contract terminations). Through propensity score matching, students with and without integrative measures were compared while controlling for various factors including school type, academic performance, intelligence, and social background. Results show that students with reduced learning objectives were significantly more likely to enrol in educational programs with lower academic demands compared to similar students without this measure. However, they did not experience more discontinuous pathways. No effects were found for students with accommodations, neither regarding the level of academic demands nor educational discontinuities. These findings suggest that reduced learning objectives may limit educational opportunities beyond compulsory education, potentially due to their stigmatizing effects. This raises important questions about how integrative measures can be implemented to support students effectively while avoiding unintended negative consequences for their educational trajectories.

Am Übergang in nachobligatorische Ausbildungsgänge durchlaufen viele Jugendliche in der Schweiz eine sogenannte Übergangslösung oder ein Brückenangebot wie z. B. ein zehntes Schuljahr. Wir beleuchten in diesem Beitrag zum einen, wie schulische, individuelle, familiäre und systemische Kontextfaktoren den Übertritt in solche Brückenangebote beeinflussen. Zum anderen gehen wir der Frage nach, wie sich ein verzögerter Einstieg über ein Brückenangebot auf die Chance auswirkt, eine Ausbildung auf Sekundarstufe II zu beginnen bzw. abzuschliessen. Auf der Basis der TREE-Daten modellieren wir zunächst die interessierenden Übertrittsprozesse mittels einer multinomialen logistischen Regression, um dann mittels Propensity Score Matching deren Wirkung auf die nachobligatorischen Bildungschancen abzuschätzen.

In this paper, I would like to compare Korean and German statistics related to tertiary education on the basis of that of ÖECD nations and then consider important implications for education in Korea. First, compared to Germany, the work based learning VET programs in Korea are in sufficient. Second, the proportion of Korean students participating in VET programs is 25% higher than that in Germany. Third, another problem in Korea is that most households are burdened by the high costs of education, and the government's financial aid is unduly insufficient. Finally, according to the results regarding the education costs per student in relation to training types, the costs per student to a per capita GDP in general universities are shown to be similar in Germany and Korea. The research aims to make suggestions for Korean tertiary educations. First, students and parents should actively cooperate with each other. Second, colleges and universities should establish various VET programs. Third, government's financial aid is unduly insufficient. Finally, the connection between tertiary education systems and relevant industries should be strengthened.

La première année à l’université est marquée par un taux de réussite et de persévérance assez faible. Pour expliquer ce phénomène, on a d’abord pris en compte les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et le passé scolaire des étudiants. Mais, depuis une trentaine d’années, d’autres dimensions ont été étudiées en se basant sur des courants théoriques distincts. D’une part, les modèles éducationnels (Tinto, 1975, 1997 ; Bean, 1980) soulignent à la fois l’importance des expériences sociales et académiques vécues lors de la transition à l’université et l’importance de l’ajustement entre les caractéristiques individuelles et institutionnelles ; d’autre part, les modèles motivationnels (Wigfield & Eccles, 2000 ; Eccles & Wigfield, 2002 ; Kahn & Nauta, 2001) se focalisent sur les attributs personnels des étudiants (par exemple le sentiment de compétence, les représentations des buts, etc.). En validant le modèle de Tinto dans le contexte éducationnel belge et en analysant le rôle complémentaire du sentiment d’efficacité personnelle, nous tentons ici de mettre en évidence l’apport de ces différents courants théoriques dans la compréhension des facteurs de persévérance. Cette contribution s’intéresse particulièrement à l’intention de persévérance, mesurée dès les premières semaines passées à l’université, car elle constitue l’un des facteurs majeurs dans la persévérance effective et est positivement associée à la réussite finale. Nos résultats démontrent que la persévérance et la réussite, loin d’être déterminées exclusivement par le bagage d’entrée de l’étudiant, sont significativement influencées par des variables individuelles et des variables contextuelles, ainsi que par l’interaction entre les deux. Cet article met ainsi en lumière l’importance du contexte éducatif et le rôle que peuvent jouer les acteurs du terrain. Ces derniers peuvent soutenir la persévérance et la réussite des étudiants, non seulement par la mise en œuvre de dispositifs pédagogiques adaptés (misant sur les relations entre pairs, l’apprentissage coopératif, l’utilité et l’intérêt des activités), mais aussi par leurs interventions auprès des étudiants pour soutenir leur sentiment d’efficacité personnelle et la construction de leur projet de formation.

In Switzerland, baccalaureate school is still considered to be the royal road to a university education and the elite path for the social reproduction of the upper class. However, cantonal enrollment to baccalaureate school varies widely due to Swiss federalism. There is a recurring debate on whether access to baccalaureate school is fair and equal among pupils who live in different cantons and who are of different social origin. This paper aims to analyze how the institutional conditions of cantons and municipalities impact a pupil’s probability of entering baccalaureate school and how the cantonal provisioning of places in baccalaureate school affects social inequality of access. For our theoretical foundation, we combine concepts of neo-institutionalism with mechanisms of social reproduction in education. Empirically, we analyze national longitudinal register data to model educational transitions from compulsory to baccalaureate school by using logistic regression models. Our results show that institutional structures at the cantonal and municipal levels influence the probability of transition beyond individual pupils’ characteristics. The degree of inequality varies between cantons, depending on the supply of baccalaureate school places. Inequality first increases with an increasing number of places (the scissors effect) and decreases only after the demand of more privileged families for places at baccalaureate school is saturated.

Accumulation of human capital is indispensable to spur economic growth. If students fail to acquire needed skills, not only will they have a hard time finding high-wage employment in the future but the development of the economies in which they work may also stagnate owing to a shortage of human capital. The overall goal of this study is to try to understand if China is ready in terms of the education of its labour force to progress from middle-income to high-income country status. To achieve this goal, we seek to understand the share of the labour force that has attained at least some upper secondary schooling (upper secondary attainment) and to benchmark these educational attainment rates against the rates of the labour forces in other countries (e.g. high-income/OECD countries; a subset of G20 middle-income/BRICS countries). Using the sixth population census data, we are able to show that China's human capital is shockingly poor. In 2010, only 24 per cent of China's entire labour force (individuals aged 25–64) had ever attended upper secondary school. This rate is less than one-third of the average upper secondary attainment rate in OECD countries. China's overall upper secondary attainment rate and the attainment rate of its youngest workers (aged 25–34) is also the lowest of all the BRICS countries (with the exception of India for which data were not available). Our analysis also demonstrates that the statistics on upper secondary education reported by the Ministry of Education (MoE) are overestimated. In the paper, we document when MoE and census-based statistics diverge, and raise three possible policy-based reasons why officials may have begun to have an incentive to misreport in the mid-2000s. 人力资本积累是促进经济发展至关重要的因素。如果劳动力的人力资本不足, 不仅难以找到高收入的工作, 国家经济发展也会因此停滞。本研究的主要目的是通过衡量和比较中国和其他国家 (经合组织成员国等高收入国家以及二十国集团和金砖四国等中等收入国家) 劳动力的中等教育水平 (包含高中和职高), 来了解中国目前的劳动力教育水平是否能够支持中国经济从中等收入向高等收入迈进。我们利用第六次人口普查数据分析显示中国的人力资本水平极低。 2010 年中国只有24%的劳动力 (25 到 64 岁人口) 上过高中或职高, 不足经合组织成员国的三分之一。中国总体劳动力中上过高中或职高的比例和相对年轻的劳动力 (25 到 34 岁人口) 中上过高中或职高的比例也是在金砖四国当中最低的 (因数据缺失该比较不含印度)。我们的分析也指明中国教育部过高估计了劳动力中等教育的普及程度。本文也探索了人口普查数据和教育部统计数据之间出现差异的时间截点以及出现这种对劳动力教育程度过高估计的原因。

Low completion rate in upper secondary education is seen as a big problem in the Nordic countries. School failure has shown to dramatically increase the risks for unemployment and labour market exclusion with severe consequences for both society and the young person. This paper analyses national policy measures to combat low upper secondary education completion rates in Norway and Sweden, often regarded as representing a social democratic welfare model and a universalistic transition regime. The analysis demonstrates that although this issue has received extensive political attention, the two countries display somewhat different policy designs. The Norwegian approach is proactive and targeted while the Swedish policy is more general and directed towards reforming organisational structures in upper-secondary education. In sum, our analysis demonstrates that national governance structures shape and influence policy design in the context of an increasingly diversified Nordic social democratic welfare state regime.

The transition from upper secondary school to higher education is a major change in students’ lives. Supporting students to make informed decisions based on a realistic view of higher education is one of the key elements to ensuring their motivation in future studies. Cooperation between upper secondary and higher education is one model for providing students with realistic views. However, little research has been produced from this cooperation. Therefore, the aim of this paper, based on mixed-method research, is to produce new insights into the opportunities provided by institutional cooperation by analyzing the views of Finnish upper secondary school principals (N = 94). The data were gathered using an online survey and analyzed via qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics. The results indicate that principals consider cooperation with higher education institutions to be beneficial but there are some challenges in its implementation, such as the different structures of upper secondary schools and universities and inadequate information about possible opportunities. There are also great differences in upper secondary schools’ levels of participation. Distance to the nearest higher education institution and the size of the upper secondary school affected the participation models. There is a need to support cooperation between institutions to ensure equal possibilities for students, such as common structures, better information, as well as a multitude of different opportunities.

Pathways to higher education through vocational upper secondary schools (VUSSs) are intended to increase permeability. However, in both VUSSs and general upper secondary schools (GUSSs), participation is socially selective. This article examined differences between GUSS and VUSS students in (a) the attainment of a higher education entrance qualification (HEEQ) and (b) the subsequent transition to higher education. Taking entry selectivity into account, we analysed the extent to which inequalities between GUSS and VUSS in both outcomes could be explained by differences in school achievement and educational considerations—namely, cost–benefit perceptions, expected success, and status maintenance motives. Using data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS; Starting Cohort 4), we selected a sample of individuals who entered upper secondary education in either VUSS or GUSS ( = 5032). Two binary dependent variables were used to indicate (a) the successful attainment of an HEEQ and (b) the subsequent transition to higher education (as opposed to vocational education and training). The results from logit models indicated that VUSS students were significantly less likely to obtain an HEEQ and progress to higher education. This association was smaller but still persistent when controlling for entry selection, school achievement, and educational considerations ( AME HEEQ = − 0.047, AME transition =  −0.150). However, when intake selection was considered in the logit models, school achievement and educational considerations during upper secondary education were insignificant in explaining why VUSS students were less likely than GUSS students to obtain an HEEQ and enter higher education.