Explore the vast range of titles available.

There is keen interest in the use of amorphous WO3 thin films as cathodic electrodes in transmittance-modulating electrochromic devices1–4. However, these films suer from ion-trapping-induced degradation of optical modulation and reversibility on extended LiC-ion exchange. Here,we demonstrate that ion-trapping-induced degradation, which is commonly believed to be irreversible, can be successfully eliminatedby constant-current-driven de-trapping; that is, WO3 films can be rejuvenated and regain their initial highly reversible electrochromic performance. Pronounced ion trapping occurs when x exceeds 0.65 in LixWO3 during ion insertion. We find two main kinds of Li+-ion-trapping site (intermediate and deep) in WO3, where the intermediate ones are most prevalent. Li+ ions can be completely removed from intermediate traps but are irreversibly bound in deep traps. Our results provide a general framework for developing and designing superior electrochromic materials and devices.

This article presents the results of the Asia Pacific Metrology Programme (APMP) pilot comparison on high transmittance haze (TH), specifically TH >40 %. Various methods, including ASTM D1003, ISO 14782, the double beam method, and the double compensation method were employed. The results revealed that ASTM D1003 is still influenced by failure to compensate for sphere throughput, even in high TH artefacts. In contrast, the other methods exhibit good consistency, as expected. This article also analyses the total transmittance (TT) and diffuse transmittance (DT) obtained using the double compensation method, theoretically capable of determining accurate TT, DT, and TH, discussing the possibility of inconsistency in the reflectance between the sphere wall and the white plate affecting the agreement.

Photoreactors are systems that convert light into an energy source. This research aims to design and build a visible light hexagonal photoreactor to generate electrical energy. The method used is geometry design and photoreactor prototype making. The tested photoreactors were tested using the integrated android F1-S (Appertude 2.0 Camera) light detector, and the resulting voltage and current measurements. The ability of hexagonal Photoreactor to convert visible light into electrical energy reaches a maximum condition of 16,728 mWatt in a light flux of 4573 lx. The light panel is characterized by FTIR, at 769.40 cm-1 wavelength, transmittance is only 23.39%, while at 921.34 cm-1, transmittance remains only 3.24%. In visible light, nearly 100% of the light can be passed on. Photoreactor hexagonal light space produces electrical energy reaches 0.0763835616 Watt/m2.

This paper evaluates the applicability of the method described in DIN 5036-3 for transmittance haze measurement, theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that DIN 5036-3 is valid for total transmittance measurement. However, when applying to diffuse transmittance measurement, the measured value is lower than the theoretical one, resulting a lower value of calculated transmittance haze. The reflectance of the integrating sphere and collimation of the incident beam are the keys to achieve better agreement between theory and experiment. Further study is necessary to recommend solutions for the discovered issues.

Materials with switchable absorption properties have been widely used for smart window applications to reduce energy consumption and enhance occupant comfort in buildings. In this work, we combine the benefits of smart windows with energy conversion by producing a photovoltaic device with a switchable absorber layer that dynamically responds to sunlight. Upon illumination, photothermal heating switches the absorber layer—composed of a metal halide perovskite-methylamine complex—from a transparent state (68% visible transmittance) to an absorbing, photovoltaic colored state (less than 3% visible transmittance) due to dissociation of methylamine. After cooling, the methylamine complex is re-formed, returning the absorber layer to the transparent state in which the device acts as a window to visible light. The thermodynamics of switching and performance of the device are described. This work validates a photovoltaic window technology that circumvents the fundamental tradeoff between efficient solar conversion and high visible light transmittance that limits conventional semitransparent PV window designs. Conventional smart windows with tunable transparency are based on electrochromic systems that consumes energy. Here Wheeler et al. demonstrate a halide perovskite based photo-switchable window that dynamically responds to sunlight and change colors via reversible phase transitions.

This paper presents a method for instantaneous measurement of Fabry-Parot(F-P) transmittance curve. Compared with the previous method, this method has many advantages, such as scanning-free, simple in structure and accuracy.

Background Temperate forest understorey vegetation poses an excellent study system to investigate whether increases in resource availability lead to an increase in plant species richness. Most sunlight is absorbed by the species-poor tree canopy, making the much more species-rich understorey species inhabit a severely resource-limited habitat. Additionally, the heterogeneity of light availability, resulting from management-moderated tree composition and age structure, may contribute to species coexistence. One would therefore expect that the diversity in the herb layer correlates positively with either the overall light availability, or the light heterogeneity, depending on whether resource availability or heterogeneity are more important drivers of diversity. To test this idea, we assessed variability of light conditions in 75 forest plots across three ecoregions with four different methods. Results We correlated these data with vegetation relevés and found light availability to be strongly positively correlated with understorey plant species richness, as well as with understorey cover. Light variability (assessed with two approaches) within plots was positively correlated with transmittance, but did not improve the relationship further, suggesting that the main driver of species richness in this system is the overall resource availability. Two of the three beech-dominated regions exhibited near-identical effects of light transmittance, while the third, featuring pine alongside beech and thus with the longest gradient of transmittance and lowest species richness, displayed a weaker light response. Conclusions While site conditions are certainly responsible for the trees selected by foresters, for the resulting forest structure, and for the differences in plant species pools, our results suggest that light transmittance is a strong mediating factor of understorey plant species richness.

This experiment aims to study the performance of multilayered transparent wood (MLTW) under the condition of partial delignification, including the effect of lamination structure between layers and delignification process on the properties of MLTW. New Zealand pine ( Pinus radiata D.Don) and Basswood (Tilia) were selected. The acid method was used to remove part lignin for preparing wood templates with natural wood color and texture, and then the polymer impregnated wood templates. During the lamination process, three wood templates were laminated by parallel direction (MLTW ∥ ) or perpendicular direction (MLTW ⊥ ) to prepare for MLTW. Under macro- and microtest, it can be seen that the laminate structure has a certain impact on the mechanical properties and light transmittance of MLTW, and MLTW can effectively reduce the anisotropy of single-layer one with the same thickness. MLTW is suitable for home decoration and structure materials and has broad application prospects. Graphical abstract

Pineapple peel is a renewable agricultural residue available in abundance whose multipurpose utilization deserves more attention. The present study aimed at the isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple peel and evaluation on its reinforcement capability for gellan gum film. The results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated the progressive removal of non-cellulosic components and the non-destruction of cellulose structure following bleaching and alkali treatments. Atomic force microscopy image of the nanocellulose displayed a needle-like structure with averages of 15 ± 5 nm in diameter and 189 ± 23 nm in length. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the obtained fibres after bleaching and alkali treatments showed higher thermal stability than the untreated pineapple peel. Although showing an earlier initial degradation temperature, the obtained nanocellulose remained the maximum residue after being heated to 500 °C. The rheological results indicated that the viscosities of the nanocellulose/gellan gum solutions increased slightly with the increase of nanocellulose content. The prepared films were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, light transmittance and mechanical properties. The introduction of nanocellulose decreased light transmittance values but enhanced the thermal stability of gellan gum film. Compared with the neat gellan gum film, the 4% nanocellulose loaded gellan gum film showed 48.21% improvement in tensile strength.

Measurements of the bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) are of interest to a wide range of industries, including satellite calibration, computer graphics, and lighting design. The scale of BTDF is realised at various national metrology institutes using goniospectrophotometers. This paper describes the measurement model for BTDF using the MSL goniospectrophotometer, which uses rotation stages to adjust the angle of the sample. The measurement model is applied to measurements of two different sample types as an example of the performance of the instrument.