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A research agenda for global crime
'Elgar Research Agendas' outline the future of research in a given area. Leading scholars are given the space to explore their subject in provocative ways, and map out the potential directions of travel. They are relevant but also visionary. It is becoming more important in the modern, globalised period to understand the power of illicit and illegal acts and actors in shaping our world. Opening with chapters that look across the diverse terrain of global crime, this book moves on to consider key specific areas, including: organised crime, cyber crime, war crimes, terrorism, state and private violence, riots and political protest, prisons, sport and crime and counterfeit goods.
Book
Transnational Advocacy and NGOs in the Digital Era: New Forms of Networked Power
International relations (IR) scholars have recognized the importance of technology in enabling nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to build transnational networks and enhance their influence. However, IR scholars have typically focused on elite networks across NGOs, states, and international organizations. This article considers how digital technologies generate new types of networked power between NGOs and their members. Digital tools allow for fast feedback from supporters, rapid surges in mobilization, and more decentralized campaigns. Importantly, in the digital era, NGOs must decide not only which digital platforms to use, but also whether to devolve decision-making to their supporters. Two questions arise: First, do NGO staff or supporters primarily define and produce advocacy content? Second, is the goal of digital activism to broaden or intensify participation? Answers to these questions generate four digital strategies: proselytizing, testing, conversing, and facilitating. These strategies change advocacy practices, but only facilitating strategies open up new forms of networked power based on supporter-to-supporter connections. Digital strategies have profound ramifications for individual organizations, the nature of the advocacy sector, and its power in relation to states, corporations, and other nonstate actors. Digital adoption patterns shape how NGOs choose campaigns, how they legitimate their claims, and what strategies they rely on.
Journal Article
McMafia : crime without frontiers
\"In this book, Misha Glenny takes us on a journey through the new world of international organised crime. For three years, he has been recording the stories of gun runners in Ukraine, money launderers in Dubai, drug syndicates in Canada, cyber criminals in Brazil, racketeers in Japan and many more. During his investigation of the dark side, he has spoken to countless gangsters, policemen and victims of organised crime while also exploring the ferocious consumer demand for drugs, trafficked women, illegal labour and arms across five continents.\"--Jacket.
Transnational Organised Crime
The perceived threat of 'transnational organized crime' to Western societies has been of huge interest to politicians, policy makers and social scientists over the last decade. This book considers the origins of this crime, how it has been defined and measured and the appropriateness of governments' policy responses. The contributors argue that while serious harm is often caused by transnational criminal activity - for example, the trafficking in human beings - the construction of that criminal activity as an external threat obscures the origins of these crimes in the markets for illicit goods and services within the 'threatened' societies. As such, the authors question the extent to which global crime can be controlled through law enforcement initiatives, and alternative policy initiatives are considered. The authors also question whether transnational organised crime will retain its place on the policy agendas of the United Nations and European Union in the wake of the 'War on Terror'.
Part 1: Origins of the Concept Part 2: Measurements and Interpretations Part 3: Case Studies Part 4: Current and Prospective Responses
Adam Edwards is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Social Sciences at Nottingham Trent University. Peter Gill is Reader in Politics and Security at the School of Social Science, Liverpool John Moores University.
'A significant contribution in the field of criminology.' - Global Crime
eBook
Beyond Internalization: Alternate Endings of the Norm Life Cycle
Norm scholars tend to treat norm contestation and acceptance as binary categories. This obscures variation in how much states agree over how to apply international law to specific situations. I distinguish between disagreements over norm frames (justifications) and claims (actions) and thus highlight four different outcomes of norm contestation. These differ in their effects on the clarity and strength of the contested norms, as well as on subsequent debate over them. Specifically, I argue that frame agreement limits the range of actions that actors can legitimately pursue and thus involves norm recognition. In contrast, if states only agree on the action that should be taken, but not on the norm that applies, we see norm neglect. Both outcomes structure subsequent debates, but norm neglect is the more volatile outcome: because of the lack of normative commitment, states can justify the agreed-upon action as exceptional compromise and later revert back to a norm impasse (frame and claim disagreement). However, the joint action may also trigger socialization processes that lead to agreement on both frames and claims—that is, produce norm clarification. Hence, this typology builds a bridge between understandings of contestation as a never-ending debate and as an avenue toward agreement; it helps improve our understanding of compliance mechanisms and of contestation.
Journal Article
Transnational gentrification, tourism and the formation of ‘foreign only’ enclaves in Barcelona
In a context of global-scale inequalities and increased middle-class transnational mobility, this paper explores how the arrival of Western European and North American migrants in Barcelona drives a process of gentrification that coexists and overlaps with the development of tourism in the city. Research has focused increasingly on the role of visitors and Airbnb in driving gentrification. However, our aim is to add another layer to the complexity of neighbourhood change in tourist cities by considering the role of migrants from advanced economies as gentrifiers in these neighbourhoods. We combined socio-demographic analysis with in-depth interviews and, from this, we found that: (1) lifestyle opportunities, rather than work, explain why transnational migrants are attracted to Barcelona, resulting in privileged consumers of housing that then displace long-term residents; (2) migrants have become spatially concentrated in tourist enclaves and interact predominantly with other transnational mobile populations; (3) the result is that centrally located neighbourhoods are appropriated by foreigners – both visitors and migrants – who are better positioned in the unequal division of labour, causing locals to feel increasingly excluded from the place. We illustrate that tourism and transnational gentrification spatially coexist and, accordingly, we provide an analysis that integrates both processes to understand how neighbourhood change occurs in areas impacted by tourism. By doing so, the paper offers a fresh reading of how gentrification takes place in a Southern European destination and, furthermore, it provides new insights into the conceptualisation of tourism and lifestyle migration as drivers of gentrification.
在全球范围内不平等和中产阶级跨国流动增加的背景下，本文探讨了在巴塞罗那，西欧和北美移民的到来如何推动了一个与城市旅游业发展共存和重叠的绅士化进程。研究越来越关注游客和爱彼迎在推动绅士化方面的作用。然而，我们的目标是通过考察来自发达经济体的移民作为这些街区的绅士化推动者角色，为旅游城市的街区变化增加另一层复杂性。我们将社会人口分析与深入访谈相结合，从中我们发现：（1）生活方式的机会，而不是工作，解释了为什么跨国移民被吸引到巴塞罗那，导致住房的特权消费者，然后驱逐长期居民；（2）移民在空间上集中在旅游飞地，主要与其他跨国流动人口互动；（3）结果是位于中心的街区被外国人（包括游客和移民）占据，他们在不平等的劳动分工中处于更有利的地位，导致当地人越来越感到被排斥在这个地方之外。我们证明旅游业和跨国绅士化在空间上是共存的，因此，我们提供了一个综合这两个过程的分析，以了解在受旅游业影响的地区街区关系是如何发生变化的。藉此，本文对一个南欧旅游胜地的绅士化进行了全新的解读，此外，本文还对旅游业和生活方式迁移的概念化作为绅士化的驱动因素提供了新的见解。
Journal Article
McMafia : a journey through the global criminal underworld
\"In this [book] ..., veteran reporter Misha Glenny travels across five continents to speak with participants from every level of the global underworld--police, victims, politicians, and even the criminals themselves. What follows is a ... look at an unprecedented phenomenon from a savvy, street-wise guide\"--Amazon.com.
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