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This Obscure Thing Called Transparency
The paradoxical logic of transparency and
mediation
Transparency is the metaphor of our time. Whether in government
or corporate governance, finance, technology, health or the media -
it is ubiquitous today, and there is hardly a current debate that
does not call for more transparency. But what does this word
actually stand for and what are the consequences for the life of
individuals? Can knowledge from the arts, and its play of
visibility and invisibility, tell us something about the
paradoxical logics of transparency and mediation? This Obscure
Thing Called Transparency gathers contributions by
international experts who critically assess the promises and perils
of transparency today.
Contributors: Emmanuel Alloa (University of Fribourg), Loup
Cellard (Melbourne Law School), Riccardo Donati (Università di
Salerno), Mark Fenster (University of Florida), Sara Guindani
(Université Paris 7), David Heald (University of Glasgow), Vlad
Ionescu (UHasselt/PXL MAD), Dorota Mokrosinska (Leiden University),
Herman Parret (KU Leuven), John Pitseys (UCLouvain), Natacha
Pfeiffer (Université Saint-Louis), Philippe Van Parijs (UCLouvain),
Bart Verschaffel (Ghent University), Patrick Vandermeersch (KU
Leuven), Christophe Van Gerrewey (EPFL).
This publication is GPRC-labeled (Guaranteed Peer-Reviewed
Content).
eBook
Opening government : transparency and engagement in the information age
Transparency and citizen engagement remain essential to good government and sound public policy. Indeed, they may well be the key to restoring trust in government itself, currently at an all-time low in Australia. It is ironic, then, that this has occurred at a time when the technological potential for information dissemination and interaction has never been greater. Opening Government: Transparency and Engagement in the Information Age explores new horizons and scenarios for better governance in the context of the new information age, focusing on the potentials and pitfalls for governments (and governance more broadly) operating in the new, information-rich environment. Its contributors, a range of international and Australian governance academics and practitioners, ask what are the challenges to our governing traditions and practices in the new information age, and where can better outcomes be expected using future technologies. They explore the fundamental ambiguities extant in opening up government, with governments intending to become far more transparent in providing information and in information sharing, but also more motivated to engage with other data sources, data systems and social technologies.
Book
Organizational responses to transparency determinants
PurposeDespite considerable evidence of the benefits of organizational transparency, policies to enhance transparency often fail or are met with resistance and unexpected results. In part, this is due to a lack of knowledge about the drivers of organizational transparency and their interrelationships. This study examines the interplay among the forces that influence organizational transparency, and thus answers numerous calls for developing a deeper theoretical understanding of the determinants of organizational transparency. We propose three forces that influence organizational transparency and theorize how they combine in nonlinear ways to form five archetypical transparency regimes that organizations operate within. We then discuss contingencies to organizational transparency within each regime.Design/methodology/approachWe employ configurational theorizing to capture the complexity of transparency and the nonlinear relationships among the forces of transparency.FindingsWe propose three forces that influence organizational transparency: institutional, societal, and leadership. We identify configurations of the three forces that yield five archetypical transparency regimes. We then discuss contingencies for cultivating organizational transparency within each regime. Vanguard transparency and pioneering transparency represent the desired regimes for fostering organizational transparency. In contrast, hollow transparency and deceptive transparency reveal a combination of determinants that cultivate less desirable forms of organizational transparency. Paradoxical transparency represents a regime in which socially desirable outcomes are associated with undesirable consequences for an organization.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper is among the first to theorize the drivers of organizational transparency and to discuss the limits and boundaries of organizational responses to transparency determinants.Practical implicationsDespite the many benefits of transparency, we explain why efforts to enhance organizational transparency often fail or are met with mixed results. By considering the three forces, managers and policymakers can avoid unexpected and undesired organizational responses to transparency regimes.Social implicationsWe propose five transparency regimes that place a spotlight on social contingencies to enhance transparency.Originality/valueThis study offers an integrative theory of organizational responses to transparency determinants and develops its theoretical foundations. The model integrates the fragmented empirical findings from previous studies on the determinants of transparency and draws attention to overlooked institutional, societal, and leadership forces that influence organizational transparency.
Journal Article
Four reference models for transparency requirements in information systems
Transparency is a key emerging requirement in modern businesses and their information systems. Transparency refers to the information which flows amongst stakeholders for the purpose of informed decision-making and taking the right action. Transparency is generally associated with positive connotations such as trust and accountability. However, it has been shown that it could have adverse effects such as information overload and affecting decisions objectiveness. This calls for systematic approaches for transparency to ensure its cost-effectiveness and avoid such adverse side effects. This is especially true considering that the relatively few works in the literature on transparency requirements have focused mainly on making information available and accessible and have paid little focus on the information receivers’ side and making it meaningful for them. In this paper, we reflect on our previous research on transparency and its multi-faceted constructs and review multi-disciplinary conceptualisation and propose four reference models which are meant to form a holistic conceptual baseline for transparency requirements in information systems. These reference models cover transparency actors, transparency meaningfulness, transparency usefulness, and information quality in transparency. We also discuss the interdependencies amongst these four reference models and their implications for requirements engineers and information system analysts. As a proof of concept, we analyse a mainstream transparency document, the United Kingdom Freedom of Information Act, in the light of our reference models and demonstrate the need to consider transparency more holistically and the need to include the information receiver’s perspective and the inter-relations amongst various properties and constituents of transparency as well. We then highlight areas of improvement informed by our analysis.
Journal Article
Factors Influential on the Levels of Brazilian Municipal Transparency
ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate which variables comprise the three sets of transparency influencers for Brazilian municipalities with low, medium, and high levels of transparency. Methods: a quasi-Cauchy quantile regression model was used, where the 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25 quantiles of transparency represented the groups of municipalities with high, medium, and low levels of transparency, respectively. Results: three sets of 13, 16, and 14 variables impact the transparency of Brazilian municipalities with high, medium, and low levels of transparency, respectively. The variables gender, experience, and education of the mayor, difficulty in accessing the internet, economic development, and state political strength of the local administration influence only specific levels of transparency. Conclusions: the research brings important theoretical implications by refuting the prevailing assumption in the literature that a single set of variables impacts all levels of transparency. Among the practical contributions, audit courts can use negative influences as red flags to profile municipalities that tend to be less transparent, enabling preventive guidance. Furthermore, this article’s methodological design is replicable in investigations of influencers of transparency in governments in other countries.
Journal Article
Transparency in authors’ contributions and responsibilities to promote integrity in scientific publication
In keeping with the growing movement in scientific publishing toward transparency in data and methods, we propose changes to journal authorship policies and procedures to provide insight into which author is responsible for which contributions, better assurance that the list is complete, and clearly articulated standards to justify earning authorship credit. To accomplish these goals, we recommend that journals adopt common and transparent standards for authorship, outline responsibilities for corresponding authors, adopt the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) (docs.casrai.org/CRediT) methodology for attributing contributions, include this information in article metadata, and require authors to use the ORCID persistent digital identifier (https://orcid.org). Additionally, we recommend that universities and research institutions articulate expectations about author roles and responsibilities to provide a point of common understanding for discussion of authorship across research teams. Furthermore, we propose that funding agencies adopt the ORCID identifier and accept the CRediT taxonomy. We encourage scientific societies to further authorship transparency by signing on to these recommendations and promoting them through their meetings and publications programs.
Journal Article