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This essay examines a double bind that faces indigenous peoples in the Anglophone settler states, the double bind of need-based sovereignty. This double bind works as follows: indigenous sovereigns, such as American Indian tribal nations, require economic resources to exercise sovereignty, and their revenues often derive from their governmental rights; however, once they exercise economic power, the legitimacy of indigenous sovereignty and citizenship is challenged within settler society. Through analysis of Florida Seminoie gaming and the threatened severance of Seminóles' governmental status by mid-1900s federal \"termination\" policy, I show how economy-linked limits to indigenous sovereignty and citizenship rest on debates over culture, over what it is that renders American Indians distinctive as individuals and as collectives. Today, as during termination debates, Seminóles and other American Indian peoples struggle to position their economic wellbeing not as an anomaly or an abandonment of indigenous ways but, rather, as the result of an ongoing commitment to collective self-governance. With the sounds of termination echoing in gaming debates, it is possible to identify the reemergence of need-based sovereignty as a key modality of settler colonialism in the United States.

Intergovernmental relations scholars note a decentralizing trend transferring authority from national to state and local government in the American federalist system. Theory suggests that a misalignment of the interests of national and regional actors may lead to variation in sub-national regulatory environments. We investigate how different sub-national regulatory environments condition the impact of Tribal gaming. Using tribal-state gaming compacts and amendments from 1990–2010, we examine how restrictions in sub-national regulatory agreements condition intended impacts of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. We find that revenue sharing and market restrictions differentially influence the impact of gaming on tribal per capita income but not levels of unemployment. Through the case of Tribal gaming, we determine how sub-national agreements condition the relative accomplishment of policy goals important to Native nations.

In this article, I examine Florida Seminoles' governmental distributions of tribal-gaming revenues that take the form of per capita dividends. Dividends reveal the political and cultural stakes of money's fungibility—its ability to substitute for itself. From tribal policy debates over children's dividends to the legitimization of political leadership through monetary redistribution, Seminoles selectively exploit the fungibility of money to break or make ties with one another and with non-Seminoles. They do so in ways that reinforce indigenous political authority and autonomy, and they thereby challenge structural expectations in U. S. public culture and policy that would oppose indigenous distinctiveness to the embrace of money.

The purpose of this study is to examine how Indian gaming revenue is used to support tribal schools by exploring key stakeholders’ perceptions of the overall effect of gaming money on improving services provided by tribally controlled schools in the Midwest. In addition, underfunded tribal schools and failed federal policies remain a dilemma for most American Indian tribes. The study site was a tribally controlled school located in one Midwestern state. A qualitative exploratory method was used to assess tribal and school leaders’ perceptions as a means of gathering rich, descriptive information. Participants from both the tribe and tribal school were interviewed for this case study. Interviews were divided into three sections that included: face-to-face, telephone, and email journals. The following information describes the findings based on the participants’ perceptions, which include, for example: (a) a new school; (b) providing jobs and tribal infrastructure; (c) extracurricular activities; (d) parent involvement including volunteering and community culture activities; (e) new computers; and (f) socioeconomics and self-determination. In addition, gaming revenue is making an impact on student academic achievement in the following areas: attendance; student-to-teacher ratios; language and culture; and salaries. Additional research in the area of Indian gaming and tribal schools is needed. It is recommended that future researchers experiment with other types of methodologies. For example, a quantitative study could be used for tribal school participants by comparing tribal schools that receive gaming money and those that do not (e.g. T-test).

PurposeThis study examined the perceptions of tribal members regarding the strengths, challenges and opportunities presented by tribal winery operation. Issues of business diversification, marketing, perceived barriers to success, potential benefits to the tribe and the role of agriculture in the preservation of tribal heritage were considered.Design/methodology/approachA modified mixed-methods exploratory sequential research model was used to collect and organize data in two studies. In Study 1 quantitative data was used to inform the development of Study 2 which included a qualitative interview protocol. Qualitative interviews followed to elaborate on the various aspects of each of these areas of consideration.FindingsResults indicate that there is neutral to positive opinion on tribal wineries and that any venture would have to be carefully thought out in terms of marketing and preserving tribal heritage.Practical implicationsThis research examined the potential strengths, challenges and opportunities provided by tribal winery operation that can be used to inform future business practices.Originality/valueThe results of this research provide a framework for consideration of the potential strengths and opportunities provided by tribal winery operation.

[...]the debate over sports wagering is highlighted within the economy of Native iconography in professional and amateur sports. In August of that year, the Delaware State Lottery announced its intention to sell tickets based on National Football League (NFL) games.13 The NFL filed suit in federal district court to enjoin the state's betting scheme, claiming, among other things, that the lottery harmed the NFL by associating its brand with gambling, misappropriated its trademark, and ran afoul of federal antigambling laws, Delaware's constitution, and its lottery statute. \"15 The state's attorney general nullified the action, and the lottery was forced to pay 70 percent of the take partly from the lottery's emergency fund.16 While the legal validity of sports betting in Delaware had yet to be decided, public confidence in the games collapsed.17 In August 1977, the district court ruled that Touchdown II violated Delaware's lottery scheme because, as a fixed-payoff game (rather than a game where prizes were determined on a pari-mutuel basis), the lottery could not ensure that it paid the state-mandated 45 percent of sales as prize money.18 Delaware's Football Bonus and Touchdown were found to be operating legally under Delaware and federal law.19 After the state's fraught experience with sports betting, Delaware stayed on the sidelines for over 30 years before trying to restart its sports lottery. The district court found that PASPA did not violate the Tenth Amendment's anti-commandeering principle because New Jersey was not required to pass legislation, issue regulations, or take executive action.30 The district court construed the act as expressing Congress's desire to preempt state regulation on the subject.31 Christie I New Jersey appealed the decision, and the Third Circuit Court of Appeals

Background Three decades ago, casino gaming on sovereign American Indian lands was legalized with differential economic and social implications. While casinos have improved the incomes of tribal communities, there have been both positive and negative findings in relation to health impacts. We sought to understand the perceived pathways by which casinos impact individual and community health through voices of the community. Methods We conducted semi-structured, interviews with tribal leaders ( n =12) and tribal members ( n =24) from tribal communities ( n  = 23) representing different regions of California. We inductively analyzed textual data drawing from Grounded Theory, first using line-by-line coding to identify analytic categories from emergent themes in consideration of the study objective. Then, focused codes were applied to identify salient themes, which we represented through exemplar quotes and an overall conceptual framework. Data were managed and coded using Dedoose software. Results American Indian-owned casinos are perceived to influence the health of tribal communities through three pathways: 1) improving the tribal economy 2) altering the built environment, and 3) disrupting the the social landscape. Forming these pathways are a series of interrelated health determinants. Improvement of the tribal economy, through both job creation for tribal members and improved tribal cash flow, was perceived by participants to both influence health. Specifically, improved cash flow has resulted in new wellness programs, community centers, places for recreation, and improved social services. Higher disposable incomes have led to better financial stability, increased access to healthy food, and more opportunities for physical activity. Yet, higher disposable incomes were perceived to also contribute to negative health behaviors, most notably increased drug and alcohol abuse. Casinos were also perceived to alter built environments, resulting in increased availability and access to unhealthy food. And to a lesser extent, they were perceived to disrupt the social landscape of communities with impacts on tribal community value systems. Conclusions Casino environments improve economic conditions of tribal communities, but present important social and public health challenges. Policy makers at federal, state, and tribal levels should consider the perceptions of tribal members and leaders when determining policies in light of casino development.