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A field-effect transistor （FET） with two-dimensional （2D） few-layer MoS2 as a sensing-channel material was investigated for label-free electrical detection of the hybridization of deoxyribonucleic acid （DNA） molecules. The high-quality MoS2-channel pattern was selectively formedthrough the chemical reaction of the Mo layer with H2S gas. The MoS2 FET was very stable in an electrolyte and inert to pH changes due to the lack of oxygen-containing functionalities on the MoS2 surface. Hybridization of single-stranded target DNA molecules with single-stranded probe DNA molecules physically adsorbed on the MoS2 channel resulted in a shift of the threshold voltage （Vt,） in the negative direction and an increase in the drain current. The negative shift in Vth is attributed to electrostatic gating effects induced by the detachment of negatively charged probe DNA molecules from the channel surface after hybridization. A detection limit of 10 fM, high sensitivity of 17 mWdec, and high dynamic range of 106 were achieved. The results showed that a bio-FET with an ultrathin 2D MoS2 channel can be used to detect very small concentrations of target DNA molecules specifically hybridized with the probe DNA molecules.

In urban areas of Thailand, and especially in Bangkok, recent flash floods have caused severe damage and prompted a renewed focus to manage their impacts. The development of a real-time warning system could provide timely information to initiate flood management protocols, thereby reducing impacts. Therefore, we developed an innovative real-time flood forecasting system (RTFlood system) and applied it to the Ramkhamhaeng polder in Bangkok, which is particularly vulnerable to flash floods. The RTFlood system consists of three modules. The first module prepared rainfall input data for subsequent use by a hydraulic model. This module used radar rainfall data measured by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and developed forecasts using the TITAN (Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis, and Nowcasting) rainfall model. The second module provided a real-time task management system that controlled all processes in the RTFlood system, i.e., input data preparation, hydraulic simulation timing, and post-processing of the output data for presentation. The third module provided a model simulation applying the input data from the first and second modules to simulate flash floods. It used a dynamic, conceptual model (PCSWMM, Personal Computer version of the Stormwater Management Model) to represent the drainage systems of the target urban area and predict the inundation areas. The RTFlood system was applied to the Ramkhamhaeng polder to evaluate the system’s accuracy for 116 recent flash floods. The result showed that 61.2% of the flash floods were successfully predicted with accuracy high enough for appropriate pre-warning. Moreover, it indicated that the RTFlood system alerted inundation potential 20 min earlier than separate flood modeling using radar and local rain stations individually. The earlier alert made it possible to decide on explicit flood controls, including pump and canal gate operations.

Layered double hydroxides （LDHs） have been widely used as catalysts owingto their tunable structure and atomic dispersion of high-valence metal ions;however, limited tunability of electronic structure and valence states havehindered further improvement in their catalytic performance. Herein, we reducedultrathin LDH precursors in situ and topotactically converted them to atomicallythick （N2 nm） two-dimensional （2D） multi-metallic, single crystalline alloynanosheets with highly tunable metallic compositions. The as-obtained alloynanosheets not only maintained the vertically aligned ultrathin 2D structure,but also inherited the atomic dispersion of the minor metallic compositions ofthe LDH precursors, even though the atomic percentage was higher than 20%,which is far beyond the reported percentages for single-atom dispersions （usuallyless than 0.1%）. Besides, surface engineering of the alloy nanosheets can finely tunethe surface electronic structure for catalytic applications. Such in situ topotacticconversion strategy has introduced a novel approach for atomically dispersedalloy nanostructures and reinforced the synthetic methodology for ultrathin 2Dmetal-based catalysts.

This study employs first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the adsorption behavior of pristine, P‐doped, and Al‐doped boron nitride nanosheets toward toxic hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas. Molecular dynamics simulations conclusively validate the structural integrity of doped nanosheets. The adsorption energy calculations demonstrated that HF binds most strongly to pristine BN (−2.42 eV), followed by P‐BN (−2.28 eV), with the weakest binding on Al‐BN (−1.28 eV), indicating that all interactions are classified as chemisorption. However, Al‐BN exhibited the fastest recovery time at just 3.28 × 10−2 s at 500 K with ultraviolet irradiation. HF adsorption‐induced changes in the bandgap and work function revealed enhanced electrical conductivity. Optical properties, including the absorption coefficient and reflectivity, display pronounced UV‐spectrum peaks. This detailed analysis reveals that P‐doped BN is the most sensitive and selective candidate for detecting HF. Meanwhile, Al‐doped BN offers rapid desorption and operational adaptability, establishing the foundation for designing top‐performing sensors. This study reveals how pristine, P‐doped, and Al‐doped boron nitride nanosheets interact with toxic hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas using density functional theory (DFT) simulation. Enhanced adsorption and charge transfer in doped systems highlight their potential as sensitive and selective gas sensors, providing molecular‐level insights for nanoscale sensing applications.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biopolymers produced intracellularly from low‐cost and renewable feedstocks, whose production is usually assessed through laborious and offline tools. Two‐dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy is a noninvasive and nondestructive tool that can be used for real‐time monitoring of the biological systems producing PHA, without using solvents. Through projection to latent structures (PLS) modeling, models can be developed aiming at real‐time monitoring of the intracellular PHA content throughout the process stages where it is produced. This work shows the possibility of using fluorescence‐based models to monitor the intracellular PHA content under different operating conditions and during both stages of PHA production—culture selection (Stage 2) and PHA accumulation (Stage 3). Good PHA predictions were achieved regardless of the stage and operating conditions studied in the present work. The models developed for each specific operating condition present better PHA prediction abilities compared to the overall model (average errors ca. 4.0% and 5.0% gPHA/gTS, respectively). These results demonstrate the potential of optimizing the PHA production processes by better monitoring and controlling the systems, enabling the detection of the PHA maximum content while avoiding its consumption. Thus, losses of process productivity due to PHA consumption will be avoided. 2D fluorescence spectroscopy can monitor the PHA content in both stages where PHA is produced even when different operating conditions (OLR and sludge retention time [SRT]) were imposed, achieving intracellular PHA estimations with average errors below 4.0% and 5.0% gPHA/gTS. This reagentless tool can be used to monitor the PHA production systems in real‐time, aiming at improving process productivity.

On 18 June 2023, comprehensive observations were conducted to an altitude‐triggered lightning flash. Upward positive leader (UPL) and downward negative leader (DNL) in a bi‐directional development system were detected simultaneously by a high‐speed camera, together with the coordinated measurements of magnetic field and very‐high‐frequency (VHF) emissions. High‐speed images reveal, for the first time, the enhancement of the UPL's propagation speed by DNL in the bi‐directional leader system. Concretely, the upward positive leader initially originates from a suspended wire tip and propagates at a two dimensional (2D) speed of 5.32 × 104 m/s, and after about 6.3 ms, its propagation speed was enhanced to 1.12 × 105 m/s when the stepped DNL started advancing at an average speed of 1.44 × 105 m/s. Additionally, based on the evolution of channel luminosity and the variations of magnetic radiation, it is found that there is a consistency in luminosity variation between the ascending channel and the descending channel in the bi‐directional leader system, and the amplitude of the magnetic field increases when the negative discharges start at the bottom wire end with intensive VHF emissions. Those facts indicate that the DNL has an effect, may be a positive one, on the UPL's development in the early stage of altitude‐triggered lightning. Plain Language Summary The proposal and verification of the bi‐directional leader development shed light on the understanding of lightning initiation and extension. However, the study on the initiation and propagation of bi‐directional leader is limited as a result of the destitution of close and detailed observations due to its random occurrence time and position. Therefore, the comprehensive observation on the discharges in the initial stage of the altitude‐triggered lightning through simultaneous optical images, and magnetic field and very‐high‐frequency emissions measurements at close range is of great value for distinctly clarifying the evolution of the bi‐directional leader's propagation manner and the associated electromagnetic radiation. In this paper, we analyzed the initiation process and propagation manner of the bi‐directional leader in an altitude‐triggered lightning flash using high‐speed imaging and concurrent measurements of the associated magnetic radiation. It aims to understand the initiation and propagation process of the bi‐directional leader and revealing the evolution of discharges in the early stage of the altitude‐triggered lightning. Key Points Bi‐directional leader's initiation and propagation in altitude‐triggered lightning was documented by coordinated observations Propagation speed of upward positive leader (UPL) is enhanced as fast as the DNL's propagation in the bi‐directional leader system Downward negative leader has a possible positive effect on the UPL's development in the early stage of altitude‐triggered lightning

Currently, the application of supercapacitors （SCs） in portable electronic devicesand vehicles is limited by their low energy density. Developing high-energydensity SCs without sacrificing their advantages, such as their long-termstability and high power density, has thus become an increasing demand buta major challenge. This demand has motivated tremendous efforts, especiallytowards discovering and optimizing the architecture of novel electrode materials.To this end, we herein report the design, synthesis, and SC application of a newfamily of two-dimensional （2D） nanoplatelets, i.e., a transition-metal hydroxy-methylate complex （NixCol_x（OH）（OCH3））. Bimetallic nanoplatelets were synthesizedvia a cost-effective approach involving a one-step solvothermal procedure. Wefor the first time tuned the metal composition of these 2D nanoplatelets over theentire molar-fraction range （0-1.0）. Tuning the molar ratio of Ni/Co allowed usto optimize the structures and physicochemical properties of the nanoplateletsfor SC applications. When tested in a half cell, SC electrodes using the nanoplateletsexhibited high electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance as highas 1,415 F-g-1 and a 96.1% retention of the initial capacitance over 5,000 cycles.We exploited the novel 2D nanoplatelets as cathode materials to assemble ahybrid SC for full-cell tests. The resulting SCs operated in a wide potential windowof 0-1.7 V, exhibited a high energy density over 50 Wh.kg-1, and sustained theirperformance over 10,000 charge--discharge cycles. The results suggest that thenovel 2D nanoplatelets are promising alternative materials for the developmentof hi~h-ener~3, density SCs.

Nanomaterial shapes can have profound effects on material properties, and therefore offer an efficient way to improve the performances of designed materials and devices. The rational fabrication of multidimensional architectures such as one dimensional （1D）-two dimensional （2D） hybrid nanomaterials can integrate the merits of individual components and provide enhanced functionality. However, it is still very challenging to fabricate 1D/2D architectures because of the different growth mechanisms of the nanostructures. Here, we present a new solvent- mediated, surface reaction-driven growth route for synthesis of CdS nanowire （NW）/CdIn2S4 nanosheet （NS） 1D/2D architectures. The as-obtained CdS NW/ CdIn2S4 NS structures exhibit much higher visible-light-responsive photocatalytic activities for water splitting than the individual components. The CdS NW/CdIn2S4 NS heterostructure was further fabricated into photoelectrodes, which achieved a considerable photocurrent density of 2.85 mA·cm^-2 at 0 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode （RHE） without use of any co-catalysts. This represents one of the best results from a CdS-based photoelectrochemical （PEC） cell. Both the multidimensional nature and type II band alignment of the 1D/2D CdS/CdIn2S4 heterostructure contribute to the enhanced photocatalyfic and photoelectrochemical activity. The present work not only provides a new strategy for designing multidimensional 1D/2D heterostructures, but also documents the development of highly efficient energy conversion catalysts.

Although many emerging new phenomena have been unraveled in two dimensional (2D) materials with long-range spin orderings, the usually low critical temperature in van der Waals (vdW) magnetic material has thus far hindered the related practical applications. Here, we show that ferromagnetism can hold above 300 K in a metallic phase of 1T-CrTe 2 down to the ultra-thin limit. It thus makes CrTe 2 so far the only known exfoliated ultra-thin vdW magnets with intrinsic long-range magnetic ordering above room temperature. An in-plane room-temperature negative anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) was obtained in ultra-thin CrTe 2 devices, with a sign change in the AMR at lower temperature, with −0.6% and +5% at 300 and 10 K, respectively. Our findings provide insights into magnetism in ultra-thin CrTe 2 , expanding the vdW crystals toolbox for future room-temperature spintronic applications.

Over the past 70 years, the semiconductor industry has undergone transformative changes, largely driven by the miniaturization of devices and the integration of innovative structures and materials. Two-dimensional (2D) materials like transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and graphene are pivotal in overcoming the limitations of silicon-based technologies, offering innovative approaches in transistor design and functionality, enabling atomic-thin channel transistors and monolithic 3D integration. We review the important progress in the application of 2D materials in future information technology, focusing in particular on microelectronics and optoelectronics. We comprehensively summarize the key advancements across material production, characterization metrology, electronic devices, optoelectronic devices, and heterogeneous integration on silicon. A strategic roadmap and key challenges for the transition of 2D materials from basic research to industrial development are outlined. To facilitate such a transition, key technologies and tools dedicated to 2D materials must be developed to meet industrial standards, and the employment of AI in material growth, characterizations, and circuit design will be essential. It is time for academia to actively engage with industry to drive the next 10 years of 2D material research.