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Time synchronisation over power lines faces limitations in precision and range due to channel noise and asymmetry. This paper presents a high‐accuracy synchronisation system using Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) enhanced with a threshold‐limited sliding average algorithm. By integrating two‐way time transfer with robust PLCC encoding, the proposed method adaptively filters time‐difference fluctuations and compensates for path asymmetry. Experimental validation on a 900‐metre active power line under real‐world interference achieved a Time Deviation (TDEV) of 150 ns at 100,000 s. Comparative analysis demonstrates that the proposed approach attains precision comparable to that of the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) at 10% of the cost, while outperforming the Network Time Protocol (NTP) by three orders of magnitude. This work provides a cost‐effective, infrastructure‐free solution for smart grids, industrial automation, and other time‐critical applications, enabling sub‐microsecond accuracy without dedicated cabling.

US dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs have a goal to develop students' sociocultural competence, but little is known about how preservice teachers (PSTs) do this. This descriptive study involved quantitative and qualitative analysis of 82 videos of instruction and 76 lesson plans from nine Latinx PSTs placed in Spanish DLBE classrooms across 3 years. PSTs focused more on students' interests or background knowledge than specific family/community and/or cultural practices. Few lessons incorporated culturally relevant/sustaining literature. Findings help teacher educators consider contextual constraints in teacher preparation and ways to better support PSTs in recognizing and developing students' sociocultural competence. The Challenge Developing students' sociocultural competence is a foundation of dual language bilingual education (DLBE), yet it is an underresearched topic. How do DLBE preservice teachers (PSTs) incorporate their students' cultural backgrounds and family and community knowledge in their teaching? How do DLBE PSTs develop students' sociocultural competence?

Two-way image communication in a wireless channel needs to be viable with channel properties such as transfer speed, energy-effective, time usage, and security because image capability consumes a huge space in the gadget and is quite effective. Is required in a manner. The figure goes through attacks. In addition, the quiesical issue for additional time of pressure is that the auxiliary interaction of pressure occurs through the dewar receiving extra time. To address these issues, compressed sensing emerges, which packs the image into hours of sensing, is generated in an expedient manner that reduces time usage and saves the use of data transfer capability, however Bomb in transmission. A variety of examinations cleared a way for dealing with security issues in compressive sensing (CS) through giving security as an alternative negotiation. In addition, univariate factors opted for CS as the issue of rearranging image quality is because of the aggregation of clutter. Along these lines related to the above issues, this paper proposed two-way image transmission to the Corvus Coron module, which presents an energy-effective with the CS model, as an inbuilt interaction in the CS transmission through the security framework. Receives what was designated as the pack-protected plot. Impeccable entertainment with the famous arbitrary network conjecture in CS. The result of the test is that the practical module presents energy-efficient and conserved transmission in the form of low error rate with low computational time.

Student's t test (t test), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) are statistical methods used in the testing of hypothesis for comparison of means between the groups. The Student's t test is used to compare the means between two groups, whereas ANOVA is used to compare the means among three or more groups. In ANOVA, first gets a common P value. A significant P value of the ANOVA test indicates for at least one pair, between which the mean difference was statistically significant. To identify that significant pair(s), we use multiple comparisons. In ANOVA, when using one categorical independent variable, it is called one-way ANOVA, whereas for two categorical independent variables, it is called two-way ANOVA. When using at least one covariate to adjust with dependent variable, ANOVA becomes ANCOVA. When the size of the sample is small, mean is very much affected by the outliers, so it is necessary to keep sufficient sample size while using these methods.

Polymer smart materials are a broad class of polymeric materials that can change their shapes, mechanical responses, light transmissions, controlled releases, and other functional properties under external stimuli. A good understanding of the aspects controlling various types of shape memory phenomena in shape memory polymers (SMPs), such as polymer structure, stimulus effect and many others, is not only important for the preparation of new SMPs with improved performance, but is also useful for the optimization of the current ones to expand their application field. In the present era, simple understanding of the activation mechanisms, the polymer structure, the effect of the modification of the polymer structure on the activation process using fillers or solvents to develop new reliable SMPs with improved properties, long lifetime, fast response, and the ability to apply them under hard conditions in any environment, is considered to be an important topic. Moreover, good understanding of the activation mechanism of the two-way shape memory effect in SMPs for semi-crystalline polymers and liquid crystalline elastomers is the main key required for future investigations. In this article, the principles of the three basic types of external stimuli (heat, chemicals, light) and their key parameters that affect the efficiency of the SMPs are reviewed in addition to several prospective applications.

With the advantage of reversible shape‐morphing between two different permanent shapes under external stimuli, the two‐way shape‐memory aerogel is expected to become a preferred aerogel for developing practical applications in actuators, sensors, robotics, and more. Herein, the first two‐way shape‐memory liquid crystal elastomer (LCE)‐based aerogel is prepared by an orthogonal heat and light curing strategy coupled with an intermediate mechanical stretching step. The differential scanning calorimetry, temperature‐varied wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and polarizing optical microscope results indicate that the aerogel possesses a liquid crystal phase and the insider mesogens are well‐oriented along the stretching direction. In addition to having superior compressibility and excellent shape stability, this LCE‐based aerogel can perform a reversible shape deformation during the heating/cooling cycles with a shrinkage ratio of 37%. The work, that is disclosed here, realizes a truly two‐way shape‐memory behavior rather than the one‐way shape deformation of traditional polymer aerogel materials, and may promote potential applications of this novel LCE‐based aerogel material in control devices, soft actuators, and beyond. The first two‐way shape‐memory liquid crystal elastomer (LCE)‐based aerogel, possessing both the porous structure of typical polymeric aerogel materials and the reversible shape morphing of the LCEs, is prepared by an orthogonal heat and light curing strategy coupled with an intermediate mechanical stretching step.

This paper considers inference on fixed effects in a linear regression model estimated from network data. An important special case of our setup is the two-way regression model. This is a workhorse technique in the analysis of matched data sets, such as employer-employee or student-teacher panel data. We formalize how the structure of the network affects the accuracy with which the fixed effects can be estimated. This allows us to derive sufficient conditions on the network for consistent estimation and asymptotically valid inference to be possible. Estimation of moments is also considered. We allow for general networks and our setup covers both the dense and the sparse case. We provide numerical results for the estimation of teacher value-added models and regressions with occupational dummies.

IntroductionAsthma is a complex disease with a multitude of molecular and immunological pathways. Metabolomic studies in asthma are evolving with consistent differences in lipidomic signatures. Oxysterols, oxidised metabolites of cholesterol and its products, have more recently proven to be biologically active molecules demonstrating immune modulating properties. The relationship between oxysterols and asthma has been postulated in a handful of animal studies. Potential roles include LXR agonists, EBI2 ligands and anti-viral properties. This affirms that oxysterols and bile acids are biological molecules of interest in this field.This novel observational case control study was designed to identify and quantify oxysterol species in the serum of controls compared with asthmatics of different severities. The overall aim was to identify new disease specific biomarkers to aid in diagnosis and understanding of the disease process.MethodsThis was a novel observational pilot study. 35 Participants were recruited via Swansea University and divided into a control group (n=15) and asthma group (n=20). The asthma cohort was further divided into 10 mild/moderate and 10 severe according to GINA classification. The control group consisted of non smokers (10) and smokers (5). Serum was collected and oxysterols extracted as per our lab protocol and quantified via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). ANOVA analysis was conducted on the normally distributed data via SPSS.ResultsA total of 11 sterol species and bile acids were quantified following extraction The concentration of 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) was significantly reduced in the serum of the severe asthma group compared with the mild/moderate group (1.20 ng/ml vs 1.70 ng/ml, p= 0.008). Interestingly no similar difference was observed when comparing the asthma and control group. A reduced concentration of 7α,25-diHCwas observed in the serum of the asthma cohort compared with the control group (0.090 ng/ml vs 0.158 ng/ml, p= 0.026).ConclusionThis observational pilot data highlights potential roles for 25-HC and 7α,25-diHC in the pathogenesis of asthma. Results should be used to inform larger scale studies.ReferenceBritt RD, Porter N, Grayson MH, et al. Sterols and immune mechanisms in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 Jan;151(1):47–59.

Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and blood eosinophilia are important biomarkers of type-2 inflammation with additive predictive value in asthma. We have shown that high FeNO correlates with chemokines and cytokines involved in epithelial signalling whilst blood eosinophil levels correlate with serum interleukin-5 only.1 This suggests that FeNO more accurately reflects inflammation in the airway ‘compartment’ and blood eosinophil count reflects the systemic ‘compartment’ in eosinophilic asthma. We now test the hypothesis that the effect of low dose inhaled corticosteroids and oral corticosteroids, both effective treatments for eosinophilic airway inflammation, have differential effects on the airway (reflected by FeNO) and systemic compartment (reflected by blood eosinophils) in patients with eosinophilic asthma.Corticosteroid-naïve patients were assessed before and after 8 weeks of 200 mcg twice daily beclomethasone via aero-chamber. Patients with eosinophilic asthma established on inhaled treatment were assessed before and after 10 days of 30 mg prednisolone daily. Patients were at steady state and had evidence of type-2 airway inflammation reflected by either baseline FeNO >45ppb and/or blood eosinophils >0.30x109/L.11 patients were recruited to the ICS group and 13 to the OCS group. Groups were matched for age but not baseline FEV1. Low-dose ICS produced a large median decrease in FeNO of 53.5%, p < 0.002, 95% CI [36.1, 71.0] and a small decrease in blood eosinophilia of 18.8% p < 0.005, 95% CI [6.5, 42.8] (figure 1). By contrast, OCS resulted in a comparatively smaller reduction in FeNO of 34.8%, p < 0.001, 95% CI [18.0, 51.5] but a large decrease in blood eosinophils of 80.3%, p < 0.001, 95% CI [64.3, 92.3].These results suggest inhaled and oral steroids act differentially in the airway and blood compartments. The relative resistance to inhaled corticosteroids identified in some patients with type-2 high asthma, and the comparative success of oral therapy in this group, may reflect a greater contribution from the systemic reservoir of blood eosinophils.ReferenceCouillard S, Shrimanker R, Chaudhuri R, et al. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Non-suppression Identifies Corticosteroid-Resistant Type 2 Signaling in Severe Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;204(6):731–734.Abstract P163 Figure 1

IntroductionThe utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of asthma, particularly the minimal clinical important difference (MCID), is uncertain. The American Thoracic Society recommends that the MCID for FeNO is a relative change of ≥20%. However, this effect size has not been validated against other clinical outcomes. Here we report the relationship between FeNO and a patient reported outcome measure of asthma control, for which the MCID is known, in a secondary analysis of two RCTs in mild-moderate asthma.MethodsThe PRACTICAL and Novel-START studies were 52-week open-label RCTs comparing as-required SABA with or without maintenance ICS versus as-required ICS-formoterol. This analysis includes participants with measurements of both FeNO and the Asthma Control Questionnaire-5 item (ACQ-5). FeNO was analysed on the logarithm (log) scale, and associations between change in log FeNO and ACQ-5 were estimated. The MCID for the ACQ-5 is 0.5. Associations were assessed with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, t-tests, and logistic regression. A sub-group analysis was performed for those participants with ‘active uncontrolled’ asthma, baseline FeNO ≥25ppb and ACQ ≥1.5.ResultsA total of 1398 participants had FeNO and ACQ-5 data and, of these, 242 had ‘active uncontrolled’ asthma. There was a weak association between change in log FeNO and ACQ-5; correlation coefficient 0.08 (P=0.002) and 0.14 (P=0.026) for the total and sub-group respectively (figure 1). In the total group the mean (SD) change in log FeNO for those with an ACQ-5 improvement of < 0.5 was -0.14 (0.60), N=820; and -0.25 (0.64), N=530 for those with ACQ-5 improvement ≥0.5; representing geometric mean ratios of 0.87 and 0.78 respectively. In the sub-group these values were -0.33 (0.57), N=69; and -0.52 (0.61), N=173; representing geometric mean ratios of 0.72 and 0.59 respectively. AUC-ROC in the two groups for FeNO versus an improvement in ACQ-5 ≥0.5 was 0.54 overall and 0.59 in the sub-group.DiscussionFeNO changes are a poor surrogate for the ACQ-5. However, the magnitude of the changes in FeNO in those with an improvement in ACQ-5 ≥ 0.5 supports that the MCID for FeNO may be about a 20% relative change.Please refer to page A291 for declarations of interest related to this abstract.Abstract P166 Figure 1Change in ACQ-5 versus log FeNO in ‘active uncontrolled’ sub-group.