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Previous intensive surveys on Floreana, the smallest inhabited island of the Galapagos archipelago, in 2015 and 2016, produced reliable population estimates for all landbirds but failed to find 4 species that formerly occurred on the island: Gray Warbler Finch (Certhidea fusca). Vegetarian Finch (Piatyspiza crassirostris). Little Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus nanus), and Galapagos Rail (Laterallus spilonota). We revisited the island in February 2018 to extend our search to additional areas but again found none of the 4 lost species. As there is no longer any suitable habitat, we are certain that Galapagos Rail is now extinct on Floreana. It is possible that the remaining 3 species still survive in pockets of habitat that have not yet been surveyed. The very distinct subspecies of Gray Warbler-Finch (C. f. ridgwayi) especially merits further investigation. Received 26 April 2021. Accepted I October 2021.

Death to Tyrants! is the first comprehensive study of ancient Greek tyrant-killing legislation--laws that explicitly gave individuals incentives to \"kill a tyrant.\" David Teegarden demonstrates that the ancient Greeks promulgated these laws to harness the dynamics of mass uprisings and preserve popular democratic rule in the face of anti-democratic threats. He presents detailed historical and sociopolitical analyses of each law and considers a variety of issues: What is the nature of an anti-democratic threat? How would various provisions of the laws help pro-democrats counter those threats? And did the laws work? Teegarden argues that tyrant-killing legislation facilitated pro-democracy mobilization both by encouraging brave individuals to strike the first blow against a nondemocratic regime and by convincing others that it was safe to follow the tyrant killer's lead. Such legislation thus deterred anti-democrats from staging a coup by ensuring that they would be overwhelmed by their numerically superior opponents. Drawing on modern social science models, Teegarden looks at how the institution of public law affects the behavior of individuals and groups, thereby exploring the foundation of democracy's persistence in the ancient Greek world. He also provides the first English translation of the tyrant-killing laws from Eretria and Ilion. By analyzing crucial ancient Greek tyrant-killing legislation, Death to Tyrants! explains how certain laws enabled citizens to draw on collective strength in order to defend and preserve their democracy in the face of motivated opposition.

For migratory birds, events happening during any period of their annual cycle can have strong carry-over effects on the subsequent periods. The strength of carry-over effects between non-breeding and breeding grounds can be shaped by the degree of migratory connectivity: whether or not individuals that breed together also migrate and/or spend the non-breeding season together. We assessed the annual cycle of the White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps chilensis), the longest-distance migrant flycatcher within South America, which breeds in Patagonia and spends the non-breeding season as far north as Amazonia. Using light-level geolocators, we tracked the annual movements of elaenias breeding on southern Patagonia and compared it with movements of elaenias breeding in northern Patagonia (1,365 km north) using Movebank Repository data. We found that elaenias breeding in southern Patagonia successively used two separate non-breeding regions while in their Brazilian non-breeding grounds, as already found for elaenias breeding in the northern Patagonia site. Elaenias breeding in both northern and southern Patagonia also showed high spread in their non-breeding grounds, high non-breeding overlap among individuals from both breeding sites, and similar migration phenology, all of which suggests weak migratory connectivity for this species. Elucidating the annual cycle of this species, with particular emphasis on females and juveniles, still requires further research across a wide expanse of South America. This information will be critical to understanding and possibly predicting this species' response to climate change and rapid land-use changes.

This book asks an important question often ignored by ancient historians and political scientists alike: Why did Athenian democracy work as well and for as long as it did? Josiah Ober seeks the answer by analyzing the sociology of Athenian politics and the nature of communication between elite and nonelite citizens. After a preliminary survey of the development of the Athenian \"constitution,\" he focuses on the role of political and legal rhetoric. As jurymen and Assemblymen, the citizen masses of Athens retained important powers, and elite Athenian politicians and litigants needed to address these large bodies of ordinary citizens in terms understandable and acceptable to the audience. This book probes the social strategies behind the rhetorical tactics employed by elite speakers. A close reading of the speeches exposes both egalitarian and elitist elements in Athenian popular ideology. Ober demonstrates that the vocabulary of public speech constituted a democratic discourse that allowed the Athenians to resolve contradictions between the ideal of political equality and the reality of social inequality. His radical reevaluation of leadership and political power in classical Athens restores key elements of the social and ideological context of the first western democracy.

We observed a pair of Western Kingbirds (Tyrannus verticalis) take advantage of opportunities to forage on a honeybee (Apis melliferu) colony. They perched on a site that afforded them good visual access to the flight pattern of worker and male (drone) bees entering and leaving the colony and attentively watched the bee flights. When a male bee was spotted, they quickly flew off their perch, grabbed the bee, returned to the perch, and swallowed the intact bee headfirst. They did not strike the bee or its abdomen against the substrate before swallowing. Analysis of regurgitated pellets collected under the perch site revealed head capsules of 149 drone bees and none of worker bees. This pair of Western Kingbirds was capable of distinguishing between stinging, distasteful worker honeybees and chose palatable, undefended drones in flight. Received 18 August 2022. Accepted 21 December 2022.

We describe the breeding biology of the Yellow-browed Tyrant (Satrapa icterophrys) in a native forest of central eastern Argentina. We monitored 23 nests during 3 consecutive breeding seasons (2015-2018). The breeding season lasted from mid-October to late January and all nests were built in native tree species. Modal clutch size was 3 eggs, incubation period was ~15 d, and nestling period lasted ~16 d. Daily nest survival rate was 0.96, and the cumulative probability of nest survival in a nesting cycle was 26%. Our data contribute to the knowledge of the life history traits of south temperate bird species. As the Yellow-browed Tyrant only nested in native trees close to temporal or permanent water bodies, we highlight the importance of preserving this type of native habitat which is under threat as a result of overexploitation and development. Received 3 September 2018. Accepted 4 January 2019.

We recovered 12 archival geolocators deployed on Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) breeding in New York (NY; re = 3, 2 with 2 years of data), Nebraska (NE; /; = 6, 1 with 2 years of data), and Oregon (OR; n = 3) to describe migratory routes, timing and rates of migration, nonbreeding season distributions, and migratory connectedness. NY fall migrants migrated along the.Atlantic coast to Florida, flew either nonstop across the Gulf of Mexico (GoM; 2 of 3 birds) or stopped once along the way (Cuba and Cayman Islands in different years) to land in Yucatan/Central America. Fall birds from NE and OR arrived at the GoM in the region of the border between Texas and Louisiana, and most likely took a land route to Central America. In spring, all NY birds flew nonstop across the GoM. and once in North America, took a more inland route than in fall. Trans-GoM flights were more common among NE and OR birds in spring than fall. Birds migrated faster in spring than fall, and in both seasons, late departure was associated with more rapid migration. Migratory connectivity was low, and all birds from OR. and one bird from NE and NY each, occupied a single region in northwestern Amazonia (southern Colombia, northern Peru, and eastern Ecuador) while in South America. Most kingbirds from NE and NY were intratropical migrants, occupying 2 regions for periods of [greater than or equal to]30 d. The latter birds migrated farther south to western Brazil and northern Bolivia, but then moved north to later use the same area in northwestern Amazonia where other birds remained throughout the overwinter period. Northwestern Amazonia thus appears to be a critical area for all Eastern Kingbirds during the nonbreeding season, possibly because a prolonged wet season supports abundant fruit resources.

This book explores the cultural and political significance of ostracism in democratic Athens. In contrast to previous interpretations, Sara Forsdyke argues that ostracism was primarily a symbolic institution whose meaning for the Athenians was determined both by past experiences of exile and by its role as a context for the ongoing negotiation of democratic values. The first part of the book demonstrates the strong connection between exile and political power in archaic Greece. In Athens and elsewhere, elites seized power by expelling their rivals. Violent intra-elite conflict of this sort was a highly unstable form of \"politics that was only temporarily checked by various attempts at elite self-regulation. A lasting solution to the problem of exile was found only in the late sixth century during a particularly intense series of violent expulsions. At this time, the Athenian people rose up and seized simultaneously control over decisions of exile and political power. The close connection between political power and the power of expulsion explains why ostracism was a central part of the democratic reforms. Forsdyke shows how ostracism functioned both as a symbol of democratic power and as a key term in the ideological justification of democratic rule. Crucial to the author's interpretation is the recognition that ostracism was both a remarkably mild form of exile and one that was infrequently used. By analyzing the representation of exile in Athenian imperial decrees, in the works of Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, and in tragedy and oratory, Forsdyke shows how exile served as an important term in the debate about the best form of rule.

For migratory birds, events happening during any period of their annual cycle can have strong carry-over effects on the subsequent periods. The strength of carry-over effects between non-breeding and breeding grounds can be shaped by the degree of migratory connectivity: whether or not individuals that breed together also migrate and/or spend the non-breeding season together. We assessed the annual cycle of the White-crested Elaenia ( Elaenia albiceps chilensis ), the longest-distance migrant flycatcher within South America, which breeds in Patagonia and spends the non-breeding season as far north as Amazonia. Using light-level geolocators, we tracked the annual movements of elaenias breeding on southern Patagonia and compared it with movements of elaenias breeding in northern Patagonia (1,365 km north) using Movebank Repository data. We found that elaenias breeding in southern Patagonia successively used two separate non-breeding regions while in their Brazilian non-breeding grounds, as already found for elaenias breeding in the northern Patagonia site. Elaenias breeding in both northern and southern Patagonia also showed high spread in their non-breeding grounds, high non-breeding overlap among individuals from both breeding sites, and similar migration phenology, all of which suggests weak migratory connectivity for this species. Elucidating the annual cycle of this species, with particular emphasis on females and juveniles, still requires further research across a wide expanse of South America. This information will be critical to understanding and possibly predicting this species’ response to climate change and rapid land-use changes.

Changes in vegetation structure and species composition affect habitat use and behavior in most bird species by altering the distribution and abundance of their resources. We explore how the mating and foraging behavior of Cassin's Kingbirds (Tyrannus vociferans) varies by habitat type within a 2.450 ha urban park in Mexico City. The study site includes primarily water bodies, riparian vegetation, willow and Montezuma cypress stands, maize fields, and grasslands. We recorded kingbird behavior twice a week along 21 transects throughout 2012 and 2015. Courtship and reproductive behaviors were displayed in autumn (Sep) and early winter (Dec). Intraspecific agonistic behaviors were associated with courtship and mating events, particularly in 2015. Cassin's Kingbird generally favored open vegetation. The main foraging strategy in open habitats was flycatching but foliage gleaning became frequent when mistletoe plants produced fruits in infested willow stands. The use of mistletoe fruits, presumably a secondary diet item, coincided with the breeding season. In addition to these observations, our study is the first report of Cassin's Kingbird winter mating at low latitudes. Received 31 October 2019. Accepted 29 December 2020.