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Unprecedented and chaotic growth of cities results in reducing open spaces and water bodies, worsening infrastructure facilities and changes in ecological morphology. This unregulated growth of the urban population led to uneven distribution of urban amenities, facilities and healthcare services. Considering this, the study aimed to draw attention to the existing spatial pattern of healthcare facility centres as well as to find out the possible sites for the provision of healthcare facility centres in the municipal ward (micro-scale) of Midnapore town. This prototype study was conducted using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) evaluation model based on various criteria through Arc GIS environment. The findings indicate that the spatial distribution patterns of existing public healthcare centres were significantly dispersed. Weights based on a set of criteria were calculated by AHP and OLS algorithm and generated suitability evaluation maps classified from 1 (poor suitable) to 4 (most suitable). According to the employed criteria in this study unveil those existing hospitals and primary healthcare centres have not been located in the appropriate locations. The model is found to be valid for the given study area and there is no significant difference between AHP and OLS results. Further, it can be used for preparing the suitability map for the other areas with similar geo-environmental conditions for the proviso of healthcare services as well as will be most effective in preventing disease progression and reducing healthcare inequality on a large scale.

The optimization for large‐scale power systems with unequal renewable energy distribution is an important and urgent task to collaborate operations of the participated sub‐grids. This article proposes a novel method by utilizing the unified multi‐objective optimization (MOO) to integrate diverse strategies to a comprehensive problem. For this aim, individual optimal model is first established to describe the demands of each sub‐grid. The overall objectives are unified in terms of economy costs. This unification integrates evaluate different optimized results without loss of generality. The global objective is the weighted sum of the individual objectives with empirical coefficient. Thus, the internal coupled restrictions and influences among sub‐grids can be solved simultaneously. Finally, by adjusting the corresponding weights according to the preferred requirement, the optimized solution can effectively allocate renewable energy throughout all sub‐grids. Consequently, both individual and global requirements can be met at utmost. The proposed unified MOO is tested on the configured systems based on multiple modified PJM 9‐bus grids. Satisfying the global optimum of the multi‐region joint system, the total system cost increases by 15.1%, the industrial zone cost increases by 21.4%, and the residential load shedding loss cost increases by 27.3%. Although each region has to sacrifice some of its benefits, the compromise operational behavior ensures that the total cost is optimal. Numerical results verify the effectiveness in achieving the promising global optimal solution, and the flexibility in meeting the requirements of different sub‐grids.

It has been more than two decades since South Africa moved to embrace democratic dispensation. The dispensation symbolised a move from an apartheid system that was exclusive and discriminatory when it comes to delivering health services to the black population of South Africa. As history records, the new democratic South Africa should be one that delivers services to all people of South Africa equally, irrespective of the poor background, colour, societal standing and organisational affiliation. However, it has been agonisingly noted lately that South Africans have been subjected to severe, daunting and harsh treatment that is unsigned for. The poor treatment of patients in the South African hospitals, and late and inefficient ambulances gave rise to the question: ‘Have the lives of patients now become less important?’ It is against this background that this article argues extensively from an Afrocentric point of view that the South African healthcare system is structurally made to punish the poor segment of the South African population. To broadly understand why South Africa’s healthcare system is in such a mess, the article has relied on document analysis and thematic content interpretation of the prevailing documents in their broadest form. It has been revealed that the South African healthcare system suffers from dire shortages of ambulances and EMS and a faster implementation of the National Health Insurance can assist the affected South Africans.

This paper reflects on the interaction that language and economy have in society versus an ethnocentric approach that sees other languages as challenges instead of an opportunity. The paper analyses the role that bilingualism has in the economy and how economy can impact the promotion of flexible language policies in order to open new markets. Throughout the discourse a strong focus is placed on the dilemma: can language impact and make economy beneficial? The study aims to explore how multicultural societies which often have one dominant language can benefit by opening language diversity to the business habitat with a specific focus on particular linguistic and economic developments in the Balkans after the fall of Yugoslavia. In the second part this global issues are analyzed in the local context. The study brings examples from Macedonia on how the private sector is much more advanced and innovative compared to the state institution. During this discourse few corporations active in Macedonia are analyzed in order to size the positive impact that flexible usage of language has on the economy and how state institutions can replicate this positive model. Other factors such as culture and the neurolinguistics studies have been considered as well.

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar se o Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) contemplou as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) relacionadas ao aprimoramento da atração, do recrutamento e da retenção de profissionais de saúde em áreas remotas e rurais. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, qualitativo, baseado em análise documental, no intuito de comparar se as recomendações publicadas em 2010 pela OMS foram contempladas na Lei 12.871/13, que instituiu o PMM. Ao total, foram sistematizadas 16 recomendações da OMS, para as quais o PMM atendeu a 37,5%. Entre as recomendações não contempladas, encontram-se a ausência de programas de desenvolvimento da carreira e de medidas de reconhecimento público. Algumas recomendações que não foram atendidas pela PMM já estavam sendo desenvolvidas, tais como o Programa Nacional de Bolsa Permanência para estudantes de nível superior e a inserção de diferentes profissionais de saúde no SUS (Estratégia Saúde da Família). O programa apresenta fatores inovadores, como a mudança curricular do curso de medicina e o serviço médico obrigatório, entretanto, poderia ter feito mais investimentos na categoria de apoio pessoal e profissional.

Resumen El presente trabajo propone analizar la relación existente entre determinados factores asociados a la movilidad residencial y a la disposición a la misma en contextos de escasos recursos socioeconómicos. Para tal fin y dadas las limitaciones que presentan las fuentes oficiales de información en Argentina para estudiar dicha problemática, este trabajo utiliza información proveniente de un relevamiento de diseño propio llevado a cabo en cuatro barrios de la ciudad de Córdoba en junio de 2011. Entre los principales resultados se observa que la disposición a la movilidad residencia recibe la influencia tanto de factores objetivos (tipo de barrio) como subjetivos (grado de confianza hacia los vecinos y percepción acerca del prestigio del barrio), los cuales, sumados a la distribución diferencial de las oportunidades en el territorio, confirman la complejidad del fenómeno en cuestión.

This paper demonstrates that high and rising corruption increases income inequality and poverty by reducing economic growth, the progressivity of the tax system, the level and effectiveness of social spending, and the formation of human capital, and by perpetuating an unequal distribution of asset ownership and unequal access to education. These findings hold for countries with different growth experiences, at different stages of development, and using various indices of corruption. An important implication of these results is that policies that reduce corruption will also lower income inequality and poverty.

Contents: Poverty and the response to the economic crisis in Liberia. brief overview -- Poverty and human development diagnostic -- Poverty in Liberia. level, profile and determinants -- Education in Liberia. basic diagnostic using the 2007 CWIQ survey -- Health in Liberia. basic diagnostic using the 2007 CWIQ survey -- Impact of higher food prices and fiscal measures taken to respond to the crisis -- Rice prices and poverty in Liberia -- Benefit incidence of fiscal measures to deal with the impact on households of the economic crisis in Liberia. comparing import and income taxes -- Evaluation of the cash for work temporary employment program -- Ex ante assessment of the potential impact of labor intensive public works in Liberia -- Liberia's cash for work temporary employment project. responding to crisis in low income, fragile countries -- Impact of labor intensive public works in Liberia. results from a light evaluation survey -- List of tables, figures, and boxes.

Jan Pronk highlights the growing conflict potential as economic and technological forces behind globalization lead to more and more greed, an intemperate pursue of material welfare and growth, destruction in the name of renewal and progress, and a tremendous burden on the scarce physical resources of the earth.