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\"This book explores the persona of the artist in Archaic and Classical Greek art and literature. Guy Hedreen argues that artistic subjectivity, first expressed in Athenian vase-painting of the sixth century BCE and intensively explored by Euphronios, developed alongside a self-consciously constructed persona of the poet. He explains how poets like Archilochos and Hipponax identified with the wily Homeric character of Odysseus as a prototype of the successful narrator, and how the lame yet resourceful artist-god Hephaistos is emulated by Archaic vase-painters such as Kleitias. In lyric poetry and pictorial art, Hedreen traces a widespread conception of the artist or poet as socially marginal, sometimes physically imperfect, but rhetorically clever, technically peerless, and a master of fiction. Bringing together in a sustained analysis the roots of subjectivity across media, this book offers a new way of studying the relationship between poetry and art in ancient Greece\"-- Provided by publisher.

Botrytis cinerea is one of the problematic and notorious postharvest pathogens of bigleaf hydrangea ( Hydrangea macrophylla ) cut flowers. It causes flower blight, leaf blight, and stem rot, reducing the ornamental value (such as longevity, color, and texture) of flowers, ultimately making them unsalable. The objective of this study was to identify effective conventional fungicides and biorational products for botrytis blight management on bigleaf hydrangea cut flowers that can be easily and readily adopted by growers of ornamentals. Preventive preharvest whole-plant spray and postharvest dip treatment applications were used in this study. For the whole-plant spray applications, bigleaf hydrangea plants were sprayed with treatment solution 3 days before harvesting flowers. For the dip applications, cut flowers were dipped in treatment solutions after harvest. For both application types, flowers were inoculated with B. cinerea spores once treatment solutions dried. Flowers were stored in cold storage for 3 days and then displayed in conditions similar to retail stores. Botrytis blight disease severity, marketability of flower (postharvest vase life), phytotoxicity, and application residue were assessed in the study. Treatments showed variable efficacy in managing postharvest B. cinerea infection in bigleaf hydrangea cut flowers. Preventive preharvest whole-plant spray and postharvest dip applications of isofetamid and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin significantly reduced the postharvest botrytis blight disease severity and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) compared with the positive control (nontreated, inoculated with B. cinerea ). When applied as a postharvest dip, the fungicide fludioxonil and biofungicide Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 effectively lowered the disease severity and disease progress (AUDPC). These effective treatments also maintained a significantly longer postharvest vase life of bigleaf hydrangea cut flowers compared with the nontreated, inoculated control. The longer vase life may be attributed to lowered botrytis blight disease severity and the resultant proper physiological functioning of flowers.

The experiment was conducted in a green house at the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping design College of Agriculture engineering Sciences for the  fall season 2020-2021 to determine the response of the Iris plant to bear the conditions of abiotic stresses by studying the effect of irrigation with saline water on the vegetative and flowering characteristics of the plant.The study included three factor, the first factor, the quality of irrigation water (main plots) and at three levels: (irrigation with water from the Tigris River 0.92 dm s-1(I0), alternating irrigation (one irrigation with saline water followed by irrigation with the water of the Tigris River(I1), Alternating irrigation (two irrigations with saline water, followed by irrigation with the water of the Tigris River(I2), The second factor is the addition of Polyacrylamide (0, 1.5,2.5) g of soil-1 his symbol(P0,P1.P2). The third factor is foliar applied selenium using three concentrations (0, 10,20)  mg L-1 his symbol(S0,S1,S2) Results showed that that increasing salinity of irrigation water led to a decrease in all vegetative characteristics  and flowering, increasing the efficacy of the enzyme Peroxidase and Proline, increasing both chlorine and sodium in the leaves. Spraying with selenium at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 as well as adding polymers at a concentration of 2.5 g led to an increase in the vegetative and flowering characteristics of the plant, reducing the elements chlorine and sodium in the leaves, and decreasing the effectiveness of the enzyme Peroxidase and Proline.

The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and/or selenium (Se) application as possible agents to improve post-harvest performance of cut snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) flowers had been studied. Rhizophagus intraradices was inoculated to half of plants at the seedling stage. One third of non-inoculated plants and one third of plants inoculated with R. intraradices were not supplied with Se. One third of non-inoculated and inoculated plants were foliar-sprayed with either 100 or 200 μg of seleninic acid per plant before flowering. Flowers were harvested at dawn, packed dry or placed in water and stored in darkness at 5 °C. Afterwards, the vase-life of cut flowers was evaluated. Plant growth and water parameters as well as photosynthetic pigments and organic solutes in leaves were determined at harvesting. The results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation improved plant height, length and basal diameter of flowering stems. In plants untreated with Se, mycorrhizal inoculation increased starch, phenolics, chlorophylls and carotenoids but decreased soluble sugars and proline in leaves. Mycorrhizal inoculation counteracted the reductions in carbohydrates, proline and proteins caused by Se in non-inoculated plants. Type of storage strongly influenced post-harvest performance of cut flowers, being dry storage the most beneficial for delaying senescence. In comparison with non-inoculated plants untreated with Se, neither mycorrhizal inoculation nor the foliar application of Se, alone or combined, prolonged the vase-life of cut flowers. High dose of Se decreased the vase-life of flowers from non-inoculated snapdragons and mycorrhizal inoculation counteracted this negative effect. Changes in water status and carbohydrate metabolism in plants inoculated or not with R. intraradices may have resulted in unusual development of flowering stems and post-harvest performance of flowers after spraying high dose of Se. Further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

  A study was carried out on rose's transplants, orange-colored Wiener Charme variety, one and a half years old, in one of lath house of research station (B) belong to Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad, in spring and autumn seasons of 2022, and an experiment was carried out. A three-factor factorial within a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Factors included chemical fertilization (NPK) without fertilization (C0), fertilization at 100% of fertilizer recommendation (C100), and addition of potassium silicate at three levels; 0 (S0) 200 mg.L-1(S200) 300 mg.L-1 (S300). Third factor was foliar spraying with Disper Mg solution as a source of magnesium (M) at concentrations of 0 (M0) 0.75 g.L-1 (M0.75) and 1.5 g.L-1 (M1.5). Results showed that triple interaction (C100M1.5S300) excelled in vegetative traits for two seasons of study with highest increase in leaves number, leaves area and leaves carbohydrates content (106.50-113.50 leaves, 46.92-67.76 dm2 and 9.84 - 8.52%) respectively, same treatment also excelled in vase life, anthocyanin pigment, and total sugars (6.50 - 7.00 days, 274.8-311.3 mg.100 g, and 9.31– 10.17% ) respectively. نفذت دراسة  على شتلات الورد الجوري صنف Wiener Charme  ذو اللون البرتقالي بعمر سنة ونصف  في في  أحدى ظلل المحطة البحثية (B) التابعة الى قسم البستنة و هندسة الحدائق / كلية علوم الهندسة الزراعية / جامعة بغداد، في موسمي ربيع و خريف 2022 ، وتم تنفيذ  تجربة عاملية بثلاثة عوامل ضمن تصميم القطاعات كاملة المعشاة (RCBD) ، تضمنت العوامل التسميد الكيميائي (NPK) بدون تسميد ( C0 ) التسميد بنسبة 100 %  من التوصية السمادية ( C100) ، أضافة سليكات البوتاسيوم بثلاثة مستويات 0 ( S0 ) 200 ملغم.لتر-1 ( S200 ) 300 ملغم.لتر-1 ( S300) ، اما العامل الثالث فكان الرش الورقي بمحلول مركب  Disper Mg كمصدر للمغنيسيوم (M)  بالتراكيز 0 ( M0 ) 7.5 غم.لتر-1 ( M7.5 ) 15 غم.لتر-1 (M15 )، اظهرت النتائج تفوَّقت المعاملة (C100M15S300) في عدد الاوراق والمساحة الورقية الكلية و محتوى الأوراق من الكاربوهيدرات (106.50 – 113.50 ورقة و 46.92-67.76 دسم2  و9.84 – 8.52 %) بالتتابع ، كما تفوقت المعاملة ذاتها في العمر المزهري و صبغة الانثوسيانين والسكريات الكلية (6.50 – 7.00 يوم ، 274.8 – 311.3 ملغم .100 غم -1 و9.31 – 10.17 % ) بالتتابع .

While the flower market has traditionally placed emphasis on the external quality (appearance) of cut flowers, the internal quality (longevity) has become increasingly important for retail marketing and consumers. In this study, we investigated key factors affecting the vase life of cut roses via multiple regression analysis (MRA) and examined the use of thermography for estimating the internal quality of flowers. The MRA results show that the vase life of cut roses depends primarily on, and is affected negatively by, transpiration in the dark, as well as high humidity growing conditions. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.86 in the dark, r2 = 0.82 in the light) was observed between leaf transpiration rate and leaf temperature differences (estimated with thermography). Finally, we developed vase life prediction models using environmental parameters and phenotypic parameters using either transpiration in the dark (VL-model 1) or leaf temperature difference (VL-model 2). The MRA results indicate that no significant difference exists between the predictive ability of VL-model 1 and VL-model 2. Thus, thermography is an effective technique for estimating leaf transpiration rate and is a practical approach for developing vase life prediction techniques.

Cut roses ( Rosa hybrida cv. Samurai) exhibit rapid postharvest senescence, limiting vase life and commercial value. This study optimized melatonin application by comparing pulse (30-min immersion) and continuous (vase solution) methods at 0.1 mM and 1 mM concentrations. The 0.1 mM pulse treatment extended vase life by 61% (9.67 vs. 6.00 days in control), improved flower quality score to 5.00, increased flower diameter by 18%, elevated chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, and reduced electrolyte leakage by 43%. Strong positive correlations ( r  = 0.71–0.94, P  < 0.001) were observed between these parameters and vase life. Higher concentrations (1 mM) and continuous application were less beneficial. No gray mold symptoms were observed in any treatment during the vase period. These results demonstrate that a brief 0.1 mM melatonin pulse effectively delays senescence and primes endogenous antioxidant defenses, providing one of the first a resource-efficient protocol that warrants further economic and commercial evaluation.

As a commercial high-grade cut flower, the marketability of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is limited by its short vase life in water. Si (silicon) is an alternative to improve the postharvest life of cut flowers. However, the effects of the combined application of Si and preservatives on the postharvest performance of cut peony flowers are unknown. In this study, the effects of a Si application and a preservative alone and collegial on the longevity of the vase life, water loss, antioxidant defense system, and stock carbohydrates level of cut flowers of three peony cultivars were investigated. It was observed that Si effectively prolonged the vase life, while the preservative alone, to a lesser extent, but markedly induced an early flowering and a greater flower diameter (flower open degree). The simultaneous use of Si and the preservatives not only showed larger flowers, but also improved the postharvest performance as characterized by an extended vase life and delayed the water loss. In addition, the Si supplementation dramatically intensified the antioxidant defense system (ameliorated antioxidant enzymes and alleviated ROS accumulation) in petals but did not increase the stock carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) levels, as compared to the treatment with the preservative alone. We show that a Si supplementation to a preservative is highly recommended for a large-scale use to promote the postharvest performance and competitiveness of marketed cut flowers.

Background Cut flowers rapidly decline in quality and shorten their vase life after harvest. Various post-harvest methods are being sought to extend their vase life. This study investigated the effects of different storage environments and Streptomycin treatments on postharvest quality and vase life of gerbera flowers. For pre-water absorption treatments, harvested gerbera flowers were all treated with silver thiosulfate (STS 0.2 mM) under room conditions for 6 h. Then, Streptomycin treatments were used alone and combined with sugar at different concentrations in 3 different environments. Their different storage environments were used under room conditions after being kept in STS for 6 h (1st environment), under room conditions after being kept at 2 °C in cold storage for 48 h (2nd environment), storage in cold storage at 2 °C until vase life expires (3rd environment). Vase solution Streptomycin concentrations were 0 (control), 200, 400, and 600 ppm alone, combined with 5% sugar. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomised design (CRD) with three replications and three cut flowers were used in each replication. Results Streptomycin yielded the best outcomes for vase life especially when it was combined with sugar, increasing the vase life as compared to the control. Compared to the control treatments, with streptomycin treatments, the greatest increase in vase life was observed in 600 ppm Streptomycin + 5% Sugar treatments of the 1st environment (67.5%) (8.22–13.77 days). When the treatments were compared, the longest vase life (13.77 days) was obtained in 600 ppm Streptomycin + 5% Sugar treatment in the 1st environment, the longest vase life (16.67 days) was obtained in 200 ppm Streptomycin + 5% Sugar treatment in the 2nd environment and the longest vase life (73.50 days) was obtained in 600 ppm Streptomycin + 5% Sugar treatment in the 3rd environment. When the environments were compared, the longest vase life (59.17 days) was obtained in the 3rd environment. Conclusions As a result of this study, it was determined that the use of Streptomycin in combination with sugar gave better results compared to the control group. Streptomycin concentration of 600 ppm is recommended for extending the vase life of cut flowers and this combination may be an alternative and effective method. A streptomycin concentration of 600 ppm at room conditions and 200 ppm at low temperatures such as cold storage is appropriate.

Improving marketability and extension of vase life of cut flowers has practical significance for the development of the cut flower industry. Although considerable efforts have been made over many years to improve the vase life of cut flowers through controlling the immediate environment and through post-harvest use of floral preservatives, the impact of lighting environment on vase life has been largely overlooked. In the current study, the effect of three LED light spectra [white (400–730 nm), blue (peak at 460 nm), and red (peak at 660 nm)] at 150 μmol m–2 s–1 on vase life and on physiological and biochemical characteristics of carnation cut flowers was investigated. Exposure to blue light (BL) considerably delayed senescence and improved vase life over that of flowers exposed to red light (RL) and white light (WL). H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in petals gradually increased during vase life; the increase was lowest in BL-exposed flowers. As a consequence, BL-exposed flowers maintained a higher membrane stability index (MSI) compared to RL- and WL-exposed flowers. A higher activity of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] was detected in petals of BL-exposed flowers, compared to their activities in RL- and WL-exposed flowers. In BL-exposed flowers, the decline in petal carotenoid contents was delayed in comparison to RL- and WL-exposed flowers. Maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and a higher percentage of open stomata were observed in leaves of BL-exposed flowers. Sucrose and glucose contents accumulated in petals during vase life; sugar concentrations were higher in BL-exposed flowers than in RL- and WL-exposed flowers. It is concluded that BL exposure improves the vase life of carnation cut flowers through its effect on the antioxidant defense system in petals and on photosynthetic performance in the leaves.