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Main conclusionIt was proved for the first time that the miR172e–LbrAP2 module regulated the vegetative growth phase transition in Lilium, which provided a new approach to shorten the juvenile stage of Lilium, improved the reproduction rate, and reduced the propagation cost of Lilium commercial bulbs.Lilium is an ornamental bulb plant that takes at least 3 years to cultivate into commercial seed bulbs under natural conditions. The aim of this study was to shorten the Lilium expansion cycle. In this study, the growth cycle of lily tubers induced by low temperature of 15 °C was significantly shorter than that of tubers grown at a conventional temperature. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression patterns of miR172e and LbrAP2 were negatively correlated. GUS histochemical staining confirmed that miR172e and LbrAP2 in tobacco leaves interacted with each other after co-transformation. The shear sites of miR172e and its target gene, LbrAP2, upon binding, were identified by RLM 5′ RACE analysis. In addition, miR172e and LbrAP2 showed opposite expression patterns after the transformation of Arabidopsis. miR172e overexpression accelerated the transition from juvenile to adult plants, whereas LbrAP2 overexpression inhibited this process, thus indicating that miR172e negatively regulated the target gene LbrAP2. Upregulation of the transcription factor LbrAP2 delayed the phase transition of plants, whereas miR172 inhibited the transcriptional translation of LbrAP2, thereby accelerating the phase transition. Low-temperature treatment of Lilium bulbs can shorten Lilium development, which provides a new approach to accelerating Lilium commercial bulb breeding and reducing breeding costs.

The experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture in Basra Governorate during the first spring season 2022-2023, and the study Borin and Rivera, the factor of adding organic compost before planting (plant residue compost and corn acid compost) and the spraying agent (with barley extract 100 g liters and also bay leaf 50 g l 2) and the results showed the superiority of the Burin variety with the addition of leaf residue compost and spraying with barley extract in most of the vegetative qualities of the potato. A splinter worker experiment was carried out twice and according to the design of random sectors. Split-spilt-plot design complete where compost is the main factor and varieties are the secondary factor extracted sub secondary. The study proved the superiority of the Burin variety with leaf residue compost sprinkled with barley extract with the best percentage of dissolved solids of tubers (5.880) Percentage of protein in tubers (13.47) Percentage of starch in tubers (13.35) Percentage of dry matter of tubers (19.53) Specific density of tubers (1.14).

Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus that causes vascular wilt diseases in a wide variety of crop plants, resulting in extensive economic losses. In the past 5 years, progress has been made in elaborating the interaction between this hemibiotrophic fungus and its host plants. Some genes responsible for the vegetative growth and/or pathogenicity in V. dahliae have been identified. Plants have accrued a series of defense mechanisms, including inducible defense signaling pathways and some resistant genes to combat V. dahliae infection. Here, we have reviewed the progress in V. dahliae–plant interaction research.

A field experiment was conducted during two seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 at the Grdarasha Research Station of the Agricultural Engineering Sciences College-Salahaddin University-Erbil. The experiment was designed as factorial within randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates. The first factor included three target seeding rates of Triticale (×Triticosecale wittmack, variety Admiral (200,250,and300seeds.m-2), while the second factor was three grain size grades whole, thousand kernels weight (TKW) 47.32 g, heavy seeds, TKW 54.04 and light seeds TKW 40.18 g. The results revealed to no significant influence of seeds weight or seeding rates and their interaction on this trait excluding whole sample seed (ungraded) at the rate target of 300 seeds.m-2, which was significantly reduced flag leaf area. Leaf area index was significantly varied among seed weight and target seeding rates or by their interactions. The plant height of triticale although it was higher for heavy seeds and higher target seeding rates, but it was not reached significant level, either by seed grade or target seed rate and their interactions in both. Plant height ranges from 88.00 for heavy seeds at rate 300 seeds.m-2 to 83.00 for light seeds at rate 200 seeds.m-2 for the season 2019-2020. The highest tillers number was recorded for seed rate 300.m-2 with whole ungraded seeds (176.00).

This research was performed during the 2021 seasons in private orchard located in Bara-Bhar-Duhok governorate to study the effect of soil application of chemical and Nano-NPK, foliar spray with chelated Nano-Zinc and their interaction on vegetative growth of Taifi and Kamali grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.). NPK (20:20:20) was added to the soil at five levels (0, 216 g.vine-1, 324 g.vine-1 chemical NPK, 3.24 and 6.48 g.vine-1 Nano-NP (, chelated Nano-Zinc was added at three concentration (0, 100 and 200 mg.l-1). The results showed the superiority of the Taifi cultivar in traits of number of leaves per vine, Single leaf Area and leaves dry weight over the Kamali cultivar, while Kamali cultivar was superiority in traits of leaf area per cluster ratio and total chlorophyll over the Taifi cultivar. Soil application of chemical and Nano-NPK and foliar application of Nano-zinc fertilizer achieved significant increase in vegetative growth (number of leaves, Single leaf Area, and total leaves area per vine, total chlorophyll and leaves dry weight) compare to control.  Furthermore, combination among high concentration of Nano-NPK, Nano-zinc for Taifi and Kamali cultivars improved all parameters in comparison with the control.

Five recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), previously selected from the Bay-0X Shahdara RIL population on the basis of differential leaf senescence phenotypes ( from early senescing to late senescing) when cultivated under nitrogen ( N)- limiting conditions, were analyzed to monitor metabolic markers related to N assimilation and N remobilization pathways. In each RIL, a decrease of total N, free amino acid, and soluble protein contents with leaf aging was observed. In parallel, the expression of markers for N remobilization such as cytosolic glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and CND41- like protease was increased. This increase occurred earlier and more rapidly in early-senescing lines than in late-senescing lines. We measured the partitioning of (15) N between sink and source leaves during the vegetative stage of development using (15) N tracing and showed that N remobilization from the source leaves to the sink leaves was more efficient in the early-senescing lines. The N remobilization rate was correlated with leaf senescence severity at the vegetative stage. Experiments of (15) N tracing at the reproductive stage showed, however, that the rate of N remobilization from the rosettes to the flowering organs and to the seeds was similar in early- and late-senescing lines. At the reproductive stage, N remobilization efficiency did not depend on senescence phenotypes but was related to the ratio between the biomasses of the sink and the source organs.

During leaf senescence, macromolecule breakdown occurs and nutrients are translocated to support growth of new vegetative tissues, seeds, or other storage organs. In this study, we determined the fatty acid levels and profiles in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Brachypodium distachyon, and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) leaves during natural senescence. In young leaves, fatty acids represent 4% to 5% of dry weight and approximately 10% of the chemical energy content of the leaf tissues. In all three species, fatty acid levels in leaves began to decline at the onset of leaf senescence and progressively decreased as senescence advanced, resulting in a greater than 80% decline in fatty acids on a dry weight basis. During senescence, Arabidopsis leaves lost 1.6% of fatty acids per day at a rate of 2.1 μg per leaf (0.6 μg mg⁻¹ dry weight). Triacylglycerol levels remained less than 1% of total lipids at all stages. In contrast to glycerolipids, aliphatic surface waxes of Arabidopsis leaves were much more stable, showing only minor reduction during senescence. We also examined three Arabidopsis mutants, acx1acx2, lacs6lacs7, and kat2, which are blocked in enzyme activities of β-oxidation and are defective in lipid mobilization during seed germination. In each case, no major differences in the fatty acid contents of leaves were observed between these mutants and the wild type, indicating that several mutations in β-oxidation that cause reduced breakdown of reserve oil in seeds do not substantially reduce the degradation of fatty acids during leaf senescence.

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that continues to threaten plant growth and agricultural productivity. Screening germplasm with salinity tolerance is therefore necessary. This study was designed to evaluate salt tolerance based on the integrated tolerance index. Fifteen Italian ryegrass cultivars were used to evaluate the degree of genotypic variation in salt tolerance at the germination and vegetative growth stages of plant development. Evident variations in salt tolerance were observed at the germination stage under 255 mM NaCl treatment. Root growth rate, chlorophyll content, and germination rates played a vital role in determining salt tolerance. Based on combined attributes at the germination and vegetative growth stages, Gongniu, Chuangnong, Splendor, and Abundant were identified as the most tolerant cultivars. Furthermore, the constant crude protein, lower neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents were measured under salinity. Compared to the control, the cultivars Tetragold, Abundant, Splendor, Muyao, Harukaze, Tegao, Dongmu 70, and Doraian were identified to have high forage quality under salt stress. Finally, we selected Splendor and Abundant as the cultivars that expressed the highest degree of salt tolerance based on combined attributes related to germination, salt tolerance, and overall forage quality. In addition, gene expression analysis between salinity tolerant and sensitive cultivars revealed that the gene response to photosystem and carbohydrate synthesis may have played a mediating role in providing tolerance to salt stress.

‘Patharnakh’ and ‘Punjab Beauty’ are major pear cultivars grown under the subtropical conditions of northwestern India. These pear cultivars tend to put up profuse vegetative growth under the high density planting that leads to excessive shading of bearing zone of canopy. To facilitate light penetration into inner plant canopy, there is a need to contrive an efficient approach for vegetative growth management. The foliar applications of varying concentrations of plant bio-regulators viz. Prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca) (100, 200, 400 mg L-1) and Paclobutrazol (PBZ) (100, 250, 500 mg L-1) were done at 10 days after full bloom (DAFB) ‘Patharnakh’ and ‘Punjab Beauty’ pear plants trained on the Y-trellis training system. Shoot length, leaf area index and trunk cross-sectional areas (TCSA) were greatly reduced by Pro-Ca200 and 400 mg L-1 concentrations. Treatments enhanced light penetration and photosynthesis. Fruit weight improved with plant bio-regulator treatments resulting in increased yield efficiency of pear plants. This study exhibited a strong positive correlation between light availability and yield efficiency of pear plants.

Background The steroidal hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. The pathway and genes involved in BR biosynthesis have been identified primarily in model plants like Arabidopsis , but little is known about BR biosynthesis in woody fruits such as pear. Results In this study, we found that applying exogenous brassinolide (BL) could significantly increase the stem growth and rooting ability of Pyrus ussuriensis . PcDWF1 , which had a significantly lower level of expression in the dwarf-type pear than in the standard-type pear, was cloned for further analysis. A phylogenetic analysis showed that PcDWF1 was a pear brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene that was homologous to AtDWARF1 . The subcellular localization analysis indicated that PcDWF1 was located in the plasma membrane. Overexpression of PcDWF1 in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) or pear ( Pyrus ussuriensis ) plants promoted the growth of the stems, which was caused by a larger cell size and more developed xylem than those in the control plants, and the rooting ability was significantly enhanced. In addition to the change in vegetative growth, the tobacco plants overexpressing PcDWF1 also had a delayed flowering time and larger seed size than did the control tobacco plants. These phenotypes were considered to result from the higher BL contents in the transgenic lines than in the control tobacco and pear plants. Conclusions Taken together, these results reveal that the pear BR biosynthetic gene PcDWF1 affected the vegetative and reproductive growth of Pyrus ussuriensis and Nicotiana tabacum and could be characterized as an important BR biosynthetic gene in perennial woody fruit plants.