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Summary A microgrid can operate in two different operating modes, i.e. utility‐grid connected mode or autonomous mode. In this paper, the operation of a microgrid with fully inverter‐based renewable sources in transition from utility‐grid connected mode to the autonomous mode is investigated. Energy storage device as a kind of buffering system might compromise microgrid autonomous operation due to the limited capacity; hence, available electric vehicles and responsive loads in the microgrid are used in primary frequency control upon separation from the utility grid. Secondary frequency control is performed by slow‐response sources. In order to establish a readiness for upcoming disturbances, the state of charge of the energy storage device is held in a secure range by proper coordination and management of the electrical vehicles, responsive loads, energy storage devices and controllable microsources. The proposed control strategy is standalone and does not need any communication link in controlling the sources and loads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The transport sector generates a considerable amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide, especially road transport, which accounts for 95% of the total GHGs. It is commonly known that Electric vehicles (EVs) can significantly reduce GHG emissions. However, with a fossil-fuel-based power generation system, EVs can produce more GHGs and therefore cannot be regarded as purely environmentally friendly. As a result, renewable energy sources (RES) such as photovoltaic (PV) can be integrated into the EV charging infrastructure to improve the sustainability of the transportation system. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art literature on power electronics converter systems, which interface with the utility grid, PV systems, and EVs. Comparisons are made in terms of their topologies, isolation, power and voltage ranges, efficiency, and bi-directional power capability for V2G operation. Specific attention is devoted to bidirectional isolated and non-isolated EV-interfaced converters in non-integrated architectures. A brief description of EV charger types, their power levels, and standards is provided. It is anticipated that the studies and comparisons in this paper would be advantageous as an all-in-one source of information for researchers seeking information related to EV charging infrastructures.

With a rapid increase in the awareness of carbon reduction worldwide, the industry of electric vehicles (EVs) has started to flourish. However, the large number of EVs connected to a power grid with a large power demand and uncertainty may result in significant challenges for a power system. In this study, the optimal charging and discharging scheduling strategies of G2V/V2G and battery energy storage system (BESS) were proposed for EV charging stations. A distributed computation architecture was employed to streamline the complexity of an optimization problem. By considering EV charging/discharging conversion efficiencies for different load conditions, the proposed method was used to maximize the operational profits of each EV and BESS based on the related electricity tariff and demand response programs. Moreover, the behavior model of drivers and cost of BESS degradation caused by charging and discharging cycles were considered to improve the overall practical applicability. An EV charging station with 100 charging piles was simulated as an example to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The developed algorithms can be used for EV charging stations, load aggregators, and service companies integrated with distributed energy resources in a smart grid.

The past two decades have seen a rapid increase in electric vehicles (EVs) for several reasons, such as policy directives to reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector and technology advancements in the EV industry. However, this has increased the load demand on the power grid, especially in the low‐voltage (LV) network, as most EVs are charged at EV owner premises. This paper investigates the impact of EVs on the LV residential distribution network using a probabilistic modelling framework. Probability distribution functions for EV charging power are derived using the United Kingdom (UK) EV dataset. The study has investigated multiple EV penetration levels, different probability distribution functions for EV charging representation, vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G), solar photovoltaic (PV) generation, and the volt‐var capability of the solar‐PV inverter. The results have shown that as EV penetration increases in the distribution network, there is a significant increase in transformer loading and a decrease in the steady‐state voltage levels. V2G has positively impacted the distribution network. A case study carried out on a real LV feeder with solar‐PV generation has shown how PV generation and volt‐var functionality of the PV inverter help reduce the impact of EV charging and V2G.

This paper presents a comprehensive design and analysis of an optimized LCL filter for bidirectional battery chargers in electric vehicles (EVs). Power converters in EV charging systems inherently generate harmonies due to their switching operations, leading to increased losses, reduced efficiency and potential interference with other electrical equipment. Traditional second-order LC filters are commonly employed to mitigate voltage and current ripples, however, they often result in bulkier and costlier solutions, with increased losses associated with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters. The proposed optimized LCL filter effectively reduces harmonies and suppresses voltage and current ripples, thereby enhancing compatibility between the battery charging system and the grid. The design methodology involves calculating the inductance based on the anticipated current ripple and determining the capacitance considering the reactive power absorbed by the capacitor. The entire system was modelled and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK to validate its performance under both Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) operational modes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed filter achieves significant reductions in Total Harmonie Distortion (THD), maintaining values within IEEE 519-2014 standards (i.e., below 5%) in both operational modes. This work underscores the effectiveness of the LCL filter in improving power quality, ensuring grid compliance, and facilitating reliable and efficiënt bidirectional energy transfer in modern EV charging systems.

In large‐scale vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) data‐sharing scenarios, the secure and accurate aggregation of data from charging piles is crucial to optimise orderly charging services for electric vehicles (EVs) and to support demand response or load forecasting. Existing data aggregation schemes often fail to detect outlier sharing‐data sent by charging piles compromised by false data injection (FDI) attacks. To address this, we propose a lightweight secure data aggregation scheme that integrates node‐level malicious charging piles traceback and isolation with distributed EC‐ElGamal encryption. First, charging piles use the Hellinger‐distance of shared charging data between adjacent charging cycles to judge whether the piles are malicious, and through iterative row/column cyclic shift operations, every malicious pile is tracebacked and excluded into a single designated group. Second, distributed key shares create a group public key while each pile retains its own secret key, enabling node‐level distributed decryption of the aggregated ciphertext via lightweight EC‐ElGamal addition and a single Pollard‐lambda lookup. Experiments on 18,061 UrbanEV charging piles demonstrate an 81.7%–100% malicious piles excluding ratio, linear convergence (≈0.07 iterations per added pile), and security analysis proves that the proposed scheme has ECDDH anonymity, collusion resistance and differential‐privacy immunity. This study tackles the critical issue of securing data transmission from charging piles in vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) systems, where false data injection attacks can compromise user privacy and system integrity. We propose a novel data aggregation scheme that combines group‐based anomaly detection with elliptic curve cryptography.

The gradual shift towards cleaner and green energy sources requires the application of electric vehicles (EVs) as the mainstream transportation platform. The application of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) shows promise in optimizing the power demand, shaping the load variation, and increasing the sustainability of smart grids. However, no comprehensive paper has been compiled regarding the of operation of V2G and types, current ratings and types of EV in sells market, policies relevant to V2G and business model, and the implementation difficulties and current procedures used to cope with problems. This work better represents the current challenges and prospects in V2G implementation worldwide and highlights the research gap across the V2G domain. The research starts with the opportunities of V2G and required policies and business models adopted in recent years, followed by an overview of the V2G technology; then, the challenges associated with V2G on the power grid and vehicle batteries; and finally, their possible solutions. This investigation highlighted a few significant challenges, which involve a lack of a concrete V2G business model, lack of stakeholders and government incentives, the excessive burden on EV batteries during V2G, the deficiency of proper bidirectional battery charger units and standards and test beds, the injection of harmonics voltage and current to the power grid, and the possibility of uneconomical and unscheduled V2G practices. Recent research and international agency reports are revised to provide possible solutions to these bottlenecks and, in places, the requirements for additional research. The promise of V2G could be colossal, but the scheme first requires tremendous collaboration, funding, and technology maturation.

Low carbon and renewable energy sources (RESs) are fast becoming a key sustainable instrument in meeting the global growth of electricity demand while curbing carbon emissions. For example, the gradual displacement of fossil-fuelled vehicles with electrically driven counterparts will inevitably increase both the power grid baseload and peak demand. In many developed countries, the electrification process of the transport sector has already started in tandem with the installation of multi-GW renewable energy capacity, particularly wind and solar, huge investment in power storage technology, and end-user energy demand management. The expansion of the Electric Vehicle (EV) market presents a new opportunity to create a cleaner and transformative new energy carrier. For instance, a managed EV battery charging and discharging profile in conjunction with the national grid, known as the Vehicle-to-Grid system (V2G), is projected to be an important mechanism in reducing the impact of renewable energy intermittency. This paper presents an extensive literature review of the current status of EVs and allied interface technology with the power grid. The main findings and statistical details are drawn from up-to-date publications highlighting the latest technological advancements, limitations, and potential future market development. The authors believe that electric vehicle technology will bring huge technological innovation to the energy market where the vehicle will serve both as a means of transport and a dynamic energy vector interfacing with the grid (V2G), buildings (V2B), and others (V2X).

Nowadays, the imperative need for the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions leads to the wider adoption of environmentally friendly transportation means. As a result, various policies underpinning the Electric Vehicle (EV) deployment are legislated globally, and several technical advances contributing to the electrification of the transportation sector are pursued. In this paper, a comprehensive overview of the current status of the infrastructure utilized for the realization of both conductive and contactless (wireless) charging of an EV battery is conducted. Furthermore, the issue of EV integration in conventional distribution networks, as well as in future power system architectures, is discussed in detail. Particular focus is given to wireless (i.e., inductive) charging. A detailed presentation of the respective standards and charging levels, as well as the magnetic couplers and the compensation network configurations, is carried out. Moreover, innovative concepts such as dynamic and quasi-dynamic wireless charging, as well as future challenges and opportunities, are presented and discussed. Finally, smart control and communication techniques applicable to EV charging are presented in the context of the future Internet of Energy (IoE) concept.

Electric vehicles reduce pollution only if a high percentage of the electricity mix comes from renewable sources and if the battery manufacturing takes place at a site far from the vehicle use region. Industries developed due to increased electric vehicle adoption may also cause additional air pollution. The Indian government has committed to solving New Delhi’s air pollution issues through an ambitious policy of switching 100% of the light duty consumer vehicles to electric vehicles by 2030. This policy is based on vehicle grid interaction and relies on shared mobility through the electric vehicle fleet. There are several human behavioral changes necessary to achieve 100% adoption of electric vehicles. This paper reviews different steps in the lifecycle of an electric vehicle (EV), their impact on environmental emissions, and recommends policies suitable for different socio-economic group that are relevant to the Indian market. To reduce air pollution through adoption of electric vehicles, the Indian government needs to adopt policies that increase sale of electric vehicles, increase percentage of renewable energy in the electricity mix, and prevent air pollution caused from battery manufacturing. The recommended policies can be customized for any market globally for reducing air pollution through increased adoption of electric vehicles.